§ 136.]

Revolution Precipitated, 1772-1776.

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Mahon, England, Chs. li-liii; and the other standard works mentioned under § 134, especially those of Grahame, Gordon, and Ramsay; Moore, Diary of the American Revolution; Jones, New York in the Revolu tionary War (gives the views of an American Loyalist—with valuable notes by the editor, E. F. DeLancey); Niles, Principles and Acts (contains a mass of information); Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, V, VI. See also §§ 23, 24, 25, 32, 33.

MILITARY HISTORIES Covering the whole field: Lossing, Field-Book of the Revolution (2 vols., arranged topically with no regard to sequence of events); Dawson, Battles of the United States (2 vols., gives many important documents); Carrington, Battles of the American Revolution (1 vol., a good compendious account from a military point of view); Beatson, Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain; Stedman, History of the American War.

Sources.

THE HUTCHINSON LETTERS: Copy of Letters sent to Great Britain by Thomas Hutchinson, etc., reprinted in Franklin before the Privy Council. Franklin's statement of the matter is in his Works (Sparks's edition, Vol. IV). See also P. O. Hutchinson, Life and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson; J. K. Hosmer, Life of Thomas Hutchinson; biographies of Franklin; and the standard histories, both American and English.

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, 1775: The official account compiled for the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts is in Journals of the Provincial Congresses, pp. 661 and following. See also Force, American Archives, II, where several English accounts are also given; Frothingham, Siege of Boston; Hudson, History of Lexington; Phinney, Battle of Lexington; Shattuck, History of Concord. S. A. Drake, Historic Fields of Middlesex, is useful in the identification of localities.

SIEGE OF BOSTON, 1775-76: Frothingham, Siege of Boston and Life of Joseph Warren; Centennial Celebration printed by the city of Boston; Memorial History of Boston; Barry, Massachusetts, III; Paige, History of Cambridge; Drake, History of Roxbury; Washington's Writings; biographies of Washington, Nathanael Greene, William Heath, John Warren, George Read, Joseph Reed, John Knox; Thacher, Military Journal; Force, American Archives, V and VI.

BUNKER HILL, 1775: Frothingham, Siege of Boston, Life of Warren, and Battle-Field of Bunker Hill; Historical Magazine (edited by H. B. Dawson), June, 1868; Thacher, Military Journal; Barry, Massachu

setts; Stark, Memoir of General Stark; Daniel Putnam, Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill... with a Letter to Major-General Dearborn repelling his unprovoked Attack on ... Israel Putnam; Humphreys, Life of Putnam; G. E. Ellis, Sketches of Bunker Hill Battle; Force, American Archives, IV; Fonblanque, Life of Burgoyne; the standard histories, especially Gordon and Mahon, and the military histories, especially Dawson, Battles of the United States.

TICONDEROGA, 1775: Barry, Massachusetts; Holland, Western Massachusetts; Smith, History of Pittsfield; Jones, New York in the Revolutionary War; Lossing, Life of Schuyler; Hollister, History of Connecticut; Connecticut Historical Collections, Vol. I; Dawson, Battles of the United States; Ethan Allen, Narrative, etc.; Arnold, Life of Benedict Arnold.

INVASION OF CANADA, 1775-76: Armstrong, Life of Montgomery (in Sparks, American Biography); Arnold, Life of Benedict Arnold; Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Sparks, Correspondence of the Revolution (for Arnold's letters to Washington); Parton, Life of Aaron Burr; J. J. Henry, Accurate Account, etc.; Meigs's Journal in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Second Series, Vol. II; Wild's Journal in ibid., Proceedings, April, 1886 (edited with bibliographical notes by J. Winsor). See also the standard works, as above, especially Ramsay, Lossing, and Dawson; Lossing, Life of Schuyler; Hollister, Connecticut; Force, American Archives, III.

ATTACK ON CHARLESTON, 1776: Sparks, Correspondence of the Revolution; Moultrie, Memoirs; Ramsay, Revolution of South Carolina; Gibbes, Documentary History; Drayton, Memoirs; Clinton, Observations on Stedman's History. See also the standard works, as above, especially Dawson, Lossing, Jones, and Adolphus.

Bibliography. - Winsor in his America, VI; Winsor, Hand-Book of the American Revolution; Frothingham, Siege of Boston (footnotes).

§ 137. The Declaration of Independence, 1774–1776. Summary. - The Continental Congresses, their powers and constitutional positions. — 1775-76, Growth of the desire for separation. — 1775-76, May and June, Organization of state governments. —1776, May, Virginia Resolves. — June, R. H. Lee's resolutions. — July 2, Resolution declaring the United

$ 137-]

The Declaration of Independence.

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Colonies independent. — July 4, Adoption of the great Declaration. July 5, The Declaration published, and August 2, signed. Constitutional position of the Declaration. The political

theories set forth therein.

General. — Higginson, Larger History, Ch. xi; Lecky, England, Ch. xiv; Higginson, in Scribner's Magazine, July, 1876; John Fiske, American Revolution.

Special. — Frothingham, Rise of the Republic; George Bancroft, United States; G. T. Curtis, History of the Constitution; Story, Commentaries on the Constitution; George Tucker, History of the United States; Pitkin, United States; George Chalmers, Introduction to the History of the Revolt (especially the Introduction by Mr. Sparks); G. W. Greene, Historical View; the standard histories, especially Gordon; and the biographies and writings of Jefferson, R. H. Lee, the Adamses, Franklin, Dickinson, and other leading men.

Sources. -Journals of Congress; Secret Journals of Congress (both sets printed by authority of the Congresses and containing less information than the titles indicate); Works of John Adams, passim; Force, American Archives. Lee's Resolutions are given in facsimile in Force, Archives, Fourth Series, VI. The original draft of the Declaration of Independence is printed in facsimile in the Congress edition of Jefferson's Writings, I, 19, and in Ford's edition, II, 42. The Declaration as adopted may be found in facsimile in the Declaration of Independence (issued by the city of Boston in 1876); and in Force, Archives, Fifth Series, I. Various texts are given by Ford in his Jefferson's Writings, I, 30, and II, 42. For the facts as to the signing of the Declaration, see Mellen Chamberlain, Authentication of the Declaration of Independ ence, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Second Series, I, 273 (also printed separately) and Winsor, in his America, VI, 262–269. See also Thomas Paine, Common Sense; and Diary of Richard Smith in American Historical Review, I.

Bibliography. Winsor, in his America, VI, pp. 100, 101, and "Editorial Notes" to Chapter iii; Winsor, Hand-Book of the Revolution.

§ 138. The War in the Middle States.

The

Summary. 1776, July, Strength of the combatants. Hessians. 1776, August-December, The campaign from Long Island to the Delaware. - December 26, Surprise at Trenton. Importance of this battle.—1777, Burgoyne's campaign. — The Saratoga convention. Howe's campaign in Pennsylvania. 1778, Monmouth. —1778–81, Other campaigns in the North. 1780, Treason of Benedict Arnold.

General. - Lecky, England, Ch. xiv; General Cullom, in Justin Winsor, America, VI, 275-314, and F. D. Stone, in ibid., 367-403; Gay, Bryant's Popular History.

Special. Mahon, England; Carrington, Battles; Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, VI; J. W. Wallace, Sketch of Col. William Bradford; and the standard histories.

Sources. THE HESSIANS: E. J. Lowell, The Hessians in the Revolution; G. W. Greene, German Element in the War; Fonblanque, Life of Burgoyne; Baroness Riedesel, Letters and Memoirs relating to the War.

LONG ISLAND TO THE DELAWARE, 1776: H. P. Johnston, Campaign of 1776; biographies and writings of Washington, Greene, Joseph Reed, Franklin, John Adams; T. W. Field, in Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society; Amory, General Sullivan; Heath's Memoirs; Parton, Life of Aaron Burr; Jones, New York in the Revolution; Dunlap, New York; Force, Archives, Fifth Series; Stiles, Brooklyn; General Howe, Narrative of his Conduct.

TRENTON AND PRINCETON: Force, American Archives, Fifth Series, III; Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, VII, 45; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Fifth Series, IV, 32; biographies and writings of Washington, Greene, Sullivan, and Knox; Lowell, Hessians; Raum, History of Trenton; Haven, Annals of Trenton; Hagerman, History of Princeton.

BURGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN, 1777: Force, American Archives, Fifth Series, Vols. I, II, and III; Fonblanque, Burgoyne; Burgoyne, State of the Expedition; W. L. Stone, Campaign of Burgoyne; J. M. Hadden, Journal and Orderly Books, 1776-1778; Arnold, Life of Arnold; Los

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sing, Life of Schuyler; Charles Neilson, An Account of Burgoyne's Campaign; Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Thacher, Military Journal; E. J. Lowell, Hessians; Baroness Riedesel, Memoirs; the military histories, especially Dawson, Battles. For St. Leger's campaign, see especially Stone, Life of Brant; Stone, Campaign of Burgoyne; and E. H. Roberts, Battle of Oriskany.

For the Battle of Bennington, see especially Stone, Campaign of Burgoyne; Smith, History of Pittsfield; Holland, Western Massachu setts; Chipman, Life of Seth Warner; Vermont Historical Society, Collections; Stark, Memoir of Stark; New Hampshire State Papers; Coburn, Centennial of the Battle of Bennington.

For the Convention, see especially "Note by General Cullom" in Winsor, America, VI, 317; Charles Deane, in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1877; George Bancroft, United States; Mahon, England, VI.

WYOMING: Pearce, Annals of Luzerne County; Miner, Wyoming; Chapman, Wyoming; Stone, Poetry and History of Wyoming; Peck, Wyoming; Hoyt, Luzerne Seventeen Townships.

HOWE'S CAMPAIGN, 1777: Pennsylvania Magaziue of History; Scharf and Wescott, Philadelphia; Egle, History of Pennsylvania; Lewis, Chester County; Smith, Delaware County; Memoirs of the Marquis de Lafayette; General James Wilkinson, Memoirs; Muhlenberg, Life of Muhlenberg; Amory, General Sullivan; Ross, Life of Cornwallis; the standard histories and military histories, especially Gordon and Dawson; Sparks, Correspondence of the Revolution; biographies and writings of Washington (especially that by Marshall), Greene, Knox, Wayne, and Pickering; Lowell, Hessians; Pennsylvania Archives.

THE MONMOUTH CAMPAIGN, 1778: Dawson, Battles, and the other special works; Works of Alexander Hamilton (any edition); Kapp, Life of Steuben; biographies and writings of Washington, Greene, Lafayette, Morgan, Pickering, Knox, and Wayne; Bean, Washington and Valley Forge; Sparks, Correspondence of the Revolution; Simcoe, Queen's Rangers; Almon, Remembrancer.

For Charles Lee, see especially Proceedings of the Court Martial held at Brunswick; G. H. Moore, Treason of Charles Lee; Langworthy, Memoirs of Lee; Papers of Lee in New York Historical Society, Collections; Sparks, Life of Lee; Marshall, Life of Washington; Works of Hamilton.