1769; John Dickinson, Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 1767–68; The Instructions of the Town of Boston, adopted May, 1764 (usually ascribed to S. Adams); Patrick Henry, Virginia Resolutions against the Stamp Act, 1765, in Henry's Henry and many other places; Resolves of the Stamp Act Congress, October, 1765; Resolves of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, October, 1765; Virginia Resolves, 1769; Jefferson, Summary View, 1774, reprinted in American History Leaflets, No. 11; Alden Bradford, Massachusetts State Papers. See also J. B. Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law, 1-47; Brinton Coxe, An Essay on Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation; Charles Borgeaud, The Rise of Modern Democracy in Old and New England; Frederick Pollock, The History of the Science of Politics, reprinted in several editions, from the Fortnightly Review, August, 1882-January, 1883; Sir G. C. Lewis, The Government of Dependencies and Methods of Observation in Politics; Stevens, The Sources of the Constitution of the United States.

These writers frequently refer to the earlier English writers on the theory of government, especially to John Locke, Two treatises on Civil Government, Book II; Richard Hooker, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Books I and VI; Algernon Sidney, Discourses on Government; James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana; Blackstone, Commentaries; Coke, Institutes. See also Hobbes, Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society and The Leviathan; Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Livy; Filmer, Patriarcha; The Works of King James; and the Agreement of the People, Instrument of Government and Petition and Advice, in S. R. Gardiner, Documents of the Puritan Revolution, and in the Old South Leaflets. A more radical form of the Agreement of the People is in Borgeaud, Democracy, and Gardiner, Great Civil War, III, Appendix; Chapter ix of the latter volume contains a detailed narrative of the formation of the Agreement and a comparison of some of its leading features with American constitutions.

The French work which produced most influence on the formation of opinion at this early period (1760-76) is Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois (numerous translations under the title of Spirit of Laws).

The Stamp Act (5 George III, Ch. xii) is in many places, among others in American History Leaflets, No. 21. The copy in Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution, II, 672, is imperfect.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, VI, Ch. i, footnotes and "Editorial Notes." See also Winsor, Hand-Book of the American Revolution.

§ 135.]

Constitutional Opposition, 1767–1774.

291

§ 135. Active Resistance, 1767-1774.

Summary. 1767, The Chatham-Grafton ministry. — The Townshend Acts: (1) laying duties on certain imported commodities, (2) reorganizing the Colonial Customs Service, (3) providing for the quartering of troops, (4) instituting Courts of Admiralty. 1768, Seizure of the sloop Liberty.-1769, The Virginia Resolves. — 1770, "Boston Massacre." — 1771, Partial repeal of the act levying customs duties. -1772, Burning of the Gaspee. The Commission of Inquiry. 1773, Virginia Resolves. - 1773, Destruction of the tea at Boston.-1774, Four Acts of Parliament: (1) Boston Port Act, (2) Massachusetts Government Act, (3) Impartial Administration of Justice Act, (4) Quebec Act. -1774, The First Continental Congress. The American Association, its importance from a constitutional point of view.

General. Lecky, England, Ch. xii; Mellen Chamberlain, in Winsor, America, VI, Ch. i; Channing, The United States, 1765-1865, Ch. ii; Gay, Bryant's Popular History; Lodge, English Colonies, Ch. xxiii; George Bancroft, United States; Hildreth, United States; Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, V.

Special. - Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, Chs. vi-viii; Mahon, England, Chs. xlvi-1 (omitting portions dealing with English politics); Massey, England; Adolphus, England; Barry, Massachusetts; Hutchinson, Massachusetts.

The history of this time must be studied in the biographies and writings of the leading men, see §§ 25, 32, 33, 34. In the following paragraphs the most important of these works for the student of this period are brought together:

John Adams: Life and Works (10 vols.), edited by C. F. Adams (the Life by the editor forms Vol. I, the Diary and Autobiography are in Vols. II and III). Biography by J. T. Morse, Jr., in American Statesmen Series. See also Familiar Letters of John Adams and his Wife during the Revolution and Letters of Mrs. Adams, both edited by C. F. Adams.

Samuel Adams: Life and Works (3 vols.), edited by William V. Wells. Biography by J. K. Hosmer in American Statesmen Series. John Dickinson: Life and Letters (2 vols.), by Stillé.

Benjamin Franklin: Works (10 vols.), edited by Jared Sparks; Writings (10 vols.), edited by John Bigelow; Life and Writings (4 vols. arranged topically), edited by W. T. Franklina very useful edition for the student; Life of Benjamin Franklin written by himself (2 vols.), edited by John Bigelow. Biographies by J. B. McMaster in American Men of Letters Series, and by J. T. Morse, Jr., in American Statesmen Series.

Alexander Hamilton: Works (9 vols.), edited by H. C. Lodge. Biographies by J. T. Morse, Jr., (2 vols.), and by H. C. Lodge in American Statesmen Series.

Patrick Henry: Life and Speeches (3 vols.), by W. W. Henry. See also biographies by William Wirt and M. C. Tyler, the latter in American Statesmen Series.

Stephen Hopkins: Life by W. E. Foster forming Nos. 19 and 20 of Rhode Island Historical Tracts.

John Jay: Biographies by William Jay and George Pellew, the latter in American Statesmen Series.

Thomas Jefferson: Writings (10 vols.), "Congress Edition"; new edition edited by Ford (Vols. I-III cover the Revolutionary period). Biographies by Randall (3 vols.), Tucker (2 vols.), Parton, and J. T. Morse, the last in American Statesmen Series.

R. H. Lee: Life by R. H. Lee.

George Mason: Life (2 vols.), by K. M. Rowland.
James Otis Life by Tudor.

Timothy Pickering: Life (3 vols.), by O. Pickering and C. W. Upham.

Josiah Quincy, Jr.: Life by J. Quincy.

George Washington: Writings (12 vols.), edited by Jared Sparks; also an edition (12 vols.), edited by W. C. Ford; Correspondence of the Revolution, being Letters to Washington (4 vols.), edited by Sparks. Biographies by John Marshall (4 vols.), Irving (3 vols.), Sparks (forming the first volume of his edition of the Writings), and Lodge in American Statesmen Series (2 vols.).

Biographies of less prominent persons are in Sparks, American Biography; Sanderson, Signers of the Declaration of Independence; Elizabeth F. Ellet, The Women of the American Revolution; Charles C. Jones, Jr., Biographical Sketches of the Delegates of Georgia to the Continental Congress; Thomas Wyatt, Memoirs of the Generals, Commodores . . . . during the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812. The Southern Literary Messenger contains many collections of letters and other material relating to this period.

§ 135.]

Active Resistance, 1767–1774.

293

For critical estimates of some of the leading men, see Theodore Parker, Historic Americans. Mason L. Weems's biographies of Washington and Franklin, are interesting as showing the origin of many of the stories connected with these men.

Sources. - THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, 1767: Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 204; the leading histories of England, as above; Parliamentary History, XVI; Cavendish's Debates, 1768-1770. The Acts, technically known as 7 George III, Chs. 41, 46, etc., are in Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. See also Scots' Magazine, XXX; Gentlemen's Magazine, XXXVIII; Annual Register; Grenville Papers; Chatham Correspondence; Fitzmaurice, Life of Shelburne; Albemarle, Life of Rockingham; Russell, Life of C. J. Fox; Edmund Burke, Works; Burke, Two Speeches on Conciliation with America; Almon, Prior Documents; Alden Bradford, Massachusetts State Papers; Boston Town Records; biographies of Otis, the Adamses, etc.; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Fifth Series, Vol. IX. For a notice of Townshend, see Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. XXIII.

SEIZURE OF THE SLOOP LIBERTY, 1768: John Adams, Works, III; Hutchinson, Massachusetts, III, and the works mentioned under "Special."

"THE BOSTON MASSACRE," 1770: Frothingham, Life of Warren and Rise of the Republic; John Adams, Works; Kidder, The Boston Massacre; Chandler, American State Trials; Winsor, Memorial History of Boston. An account, from the American standpoint, is entitled: Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston; Joseph Warren's oration on the 6th of March, 1775, is reprinted in Library of American Literature, III, 256. See also the standard works, as above.

VIRGINIA RESOLVES, 1769: Frothingham, Republic, 233; W. W. Henry, Life of Patrick Henry, I; the biographies and writings of the Virginia statesmen and the standard histories of Virginia. The Resolves are in Frothingham, Republic, 236, note.

THE GASPEE, 1772: Staples, Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee; Bartlett, History of the Destruction, etc. (most of the material found in this volume is also in Rhode Island Colonial Records, VII); Rhode Island Historical Society, Proceedings, 1890–91; Arnold, Rhode Island, II; Parton, Life of Jefferson; Lossing, Field-Book of the Revolution, II.

VIRGINIA RESOLVES, 1773: Frothingham, Republic, 279; Staples, History of the Destruction of the Gaspee; Greene, Life of Nathanael Greene, I; Hutchinson, Massachusetts, III; Wells, Life of S. Adams. Lives of Jefferson by Parton, Randall, and see also either of the editions of the Works of Jefferson. The Resolves are in Frothingham, Republic, 280.

THE TEA ACT, 1773: Frothingham, Republic, 296; Frothingham, Life of Warren; Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 1864– 65; and Collections, Fourth Series, Vol. III; Works of Franklin; Life of Arthur Lee; Parliamentary History; Donne, Correspondence of George III; Annual Register; the standard histories.

THE ACTS OF 1774: Frothingham, Republic, 344; Mahon's and Lecky's Histories; Parliamentary History; Protests of the Lords; Donne, Correspondence of George III; Russell, Life of C. J. Fox.

THE QUEBEC ACT: Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, V, Ch. vii. The Act itself is in ibid., V, p. 256; Cavendish, Debates on the Canada Bill in 1774 (London, 1839); Lecky, England; and the writings of the leading American statesmen of the time. See also Burke's Works.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, VI, footnotes to Chapter i and the "Editorial Notes" to that chapter. See also Winsor, Hand-Book of the American Revolution.

§ 136. Revolution Precipitated, 1772–1776.

Summary. 1772-73, Committees of correspondence. — 1773, "The Hutchinson Letters."—1774–75, Affairs in Massachusetts. —1775, April 19, Lexington and Concord.—1775, May, Capture of Ticonderoga. — 1775, June 17, Bunker Hill. — 1775, June, Congress assumes control of the army before Boston and appoints Washington commander-in-chief. April, 1775 to March, 1776, Siege of Boston. — 1775-76, Invasion of Canada. — 1776, Clinton's attack on Charleston, S. C.

General. Higginson, Larger History, Ch. x; Winsor, in his America, VI, Ch. ii; Lecky, England, Ch. xii; Lodge, English Colonies; Gay, Bryant's Popular History.

Special. George Bancroft, United States (original edition), Vols. VII and VIII; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, Chs. ix and x;