Sources. Records of the Salem Witchcraft; Chandler, Criminal Trials, I, 67; Upham, Salem Witchcraft; Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World, reprinted in Library of American Literature, II, 114; Calef, More Wonders of the Invisible World, reprinted in Library of American Literature, II, 167; Sewall's Diary.

Bibliography. - Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, notes to Poole's chapter in Vol. II, and in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, X, 351.

§ 130. Provincial New England.

Summary.— 1700-60, Contests between the royal governors and the House of Representatives in Massachusetts. Financial schemes paper money and land banks. - Influence of the royal officials on social and political life. Religion, education, and

literature.

General. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, III, 109-139, 192–221; Bancroft, United States (last revision), II, 67-69, 245-253, 262, 334, 337, 341, 348, 353, 401-405, 412; Hildreth, United States, II, 249, 250, 293– 302, 345, 348, 350-354, 379-381; Lodge, English Colonies, 363-372, 381384, 393-396, 401-405; Winsor, in his America, V, 99–144.

Special. Hutchinson, Massachusetts, II, 121-448; III, 1-82; Palfrey, New England, II; Palfrey, Compendious History, III, 152-469, IV, 1-284; Brooks Adams, Emancipation of Massachusetts; Baird, Huguenot Emigration; Lowell, Among my Books ("New England Two Centuries Ago"); Weeden, Economic and Social History; Wendell, Cotton Mather; Anderson, Colonial Church; Charles Chauncy, A Letter from a Gentleman in Boston . . . concerning the State of Religion in New England, 1742, reprinted by the Clarendon Historical Society, Barry, Massachusetts, II; Haliburton, Rule and Misrule of the English in America.. Paper money and banking: Winsor, in his America, V, 170, where the sources are enumerated; Andrew McF. Davis, Provincial Banks: Land and Silver (Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Publications, III); Felt, Massachusetts Currency; Potter and Rider, Paper Money of Rhode Island (Rhode Island Historical Tracts, No. 8). See also § 23.

Sources are enumerated in Winsor, America, V. See also the records of the New England States in § 29.

XIII. EXPULSION OF THE FRENCH.

§ 131. Conflict with France on the Seaboard.

Summary. Employment of Indians by the French. 1690, Seizure of Port Royal by the English, restored to France in 1697. -1710, Port Royal again captured; Annapolis founded. 1713, Acadia ceded to England by Treaty of Utrecht. — 1745, Louisburg captured by the New Englanders; 1748, restored to France. — 1713-54, Relations of the Acadians to the English. 1755, The Acadians removed. — 1758, Louisburg taken. - England supreme on the seaboard.

General. C. C. Smith, in Justin Winsor, America, V, 407, 408; Hildreth, United States, II, 182, 193, 258-262, 265, 276, 317, 330-332, 394-400; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, II, 314, 322, 327; III, 45, 125, 192-221; Lodge, English Colonies, 8, 118, 119, 234, 235, 303, 306, 361, 363, 364, 368, 394, 404; Bancroft, United States (last revision), II, 175-185, 305-311, 425-434; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, Ch. ii; Wm. W. Sloane, French War and Revolution, Chs. iii-v.

Special. Parkman, Frontenac and New France, 208-285 and 335387; Parkman, A Half-Century of Conflict; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; McMullen, The History of Canada, Vol. I; Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, II-IV; J. Belknap, History of New Hampshire; Hannay, Acadia; Drake, History of the Five Years' French and Indian War (1744-49). — On the capture of Louisburg (1745), see Parkman, Half-Century, II, 78–161.—On the removal of the Acadians (1755), see Winsor, in his America, V, 452; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 234; Hannay, Acadia, 383; P. H. Smith, Acadia, a Lost Chapter; Harper's Magazine, November, 1884; The Nation, October 30, 1884, January 22, 1885. See also Edouard Richard, Acadia, Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in American History.

Sources. Louisburg, 1745: James Gibson, A Journal of the Siege (reprinted in Johnson's Life of Gibson); An Accurate Journal (attested

by Pepperrell). — Louisburg, 1758 : A Journal extracted from Amherst's and Boscawen's Letters to Pitt; see also Ninth Report of Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts.

Bibliography. — Winsor, America, V, "Notes" by the editor, to Mr. Smith's chapter, pp. 420 and following.

§ 132. Struggle for the Possession of the Great Valleys.

Summary. Claims of France and England to the interior. — 1749-53, France seizes the upper Ohio Valley. -1754, Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity. — 1754, Albany Congress, § 142. —1755, Braddock's defeat, other disasters. — 1756, War declared (the "Seven Years' War" in Europe). — 1756-57, French successes. 1757, William Pitt, War Minister. — 1758, Capture of Forts Du Quesne and Frontenac, and Louisburg. — 1759, Capture of Ticonderoga, Niagara, and Quebec. 1760, Conquest of Canada completed. — 1763, Peace of Paris.

General. Winsor, in his America, V, 490-559; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, Ch. v; Lodge, English Colonies, 30-35, 209, 222, 307, 370, 493, 496, 506, 518; Bancroft, United States (last revision), II, 343, 361-366, 367-388, 419–425, 435-443, 450-565; Hildreth, United States, II, 433-496; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, II, 499–526; A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, Ch. ii; Sloane, French War and Revolution, Chs. vi-ix.

Special. Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, Chs. v-vii, and ix; Lodge, Washington; Hinsdale, Old Northwest; Hibberd, Wisconsin; Dunn, Indiana; Kingsford, History of Canada, III, IV; George Warburton, The Conquest of Canada; Robert Christie, History of Lower Canada; R. Wright, Life of Wolfe; W. L. Stone, Life and Times of Sir William Johnson; W. E. Griffis, Sir William Johnson and the Six Nations. See also histories of the original states, noted in § 23.

Sources. Celoron de Bienville, Journal of an Expedition down the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, 1749, is in Catholic Historical Researches, II, III; Washington's Journal and Works; Pouchot, Memoir upon the Late War, 1755-60 (edited by Hough); Winthrop Sargeant's edition of The History of an Expedition against Fort Du Quesne in 1755. Documents relating to this expedition are in Magazine of American History,

§ 132.]

Struggle for the Great Valleys.

283

VIII, Virginia Historical Register, V ; see also the Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, 1751–58, in Virginia Historical Society, Collections, II, III. For the war in the St. Lawrence Valley, see Brymner, Dominion Archives, Montcalm's Journal and Knox's Journal; Reports of the Royal Record Commission, etc.— - For the Albany Plan of Union, Stephen Hopkins, True Representation (reprinted in Rhode Island Tracts, No. 9); American History Leaflets, No. 14. See also § 142.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, V, 560-611.

Summary.

XIV. THE REVOLUTION.

§ 133. The Colonies in 1760.

The underlying causes of the Revolution: social, political, constitutional, economic, religious. — Population of the colonies. Material resources. Foreign trade. - Manufactures. - Rise of the legal profession. — Growth of political parties. — Constitutional relations with Great Britain.

General. Channing, The United States, 1765-1865, Ch. i; Higginson, Larger History, Ch. ix; E. Eggleston, papers in the Century Magazine; H. E. Scudder, editor, Men and Manners in America One Hundred Years Ago (Sans Souci series).

Special. Lodge, English Colonies, Chs. ii, iv, vi, viii, x, xiii, xv, xvii, xxii; Winsor, in his America, V; Parton, introductory portions of his lives of Franklin and Jefferson; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes, II, Chs. v-xiv; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, Chs. i-iv.

For English views of the relations of the colonies to England, see Seeley, Expansion of England; W. E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, Ch. xii; Lord Mahon, History of England, Ch. xliii; and the histories of England, by Massey hig), Adolphus (Tory), Bright, and S. R. Gardiner. See also T. E. May (Lord Farnborough), Constitutional History, Ch. xvii; Sir G. C. Lewis, Government of Dependencies, Chs. v and vi; Merivale, Colonization.

Sources.1- POPULATION : F. B. Dexter, Estimates of Population (American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1887). For other estimates, follow Dexter's footnotes and the following references: Lodge, English Colonies, pp. 44, 113, 148, 172, 197, 227, 273, 312, 408.

THE COLONIES IN GENERAL (see Part III, §§ 145-148): Burke, European Settlements in America (in his Works and also separately); Huske, The Present State of North America; William Douglass, Summary of the British Settlements; Warden, Statistical, Political and His

1 In this and succeeding sections of Part II (§§ 133-142) it has been found desirable to enumerate under the head of Sources many books which are not contemporary writings, but are, nevertheless, almost indispensable in the absence of better material.