General. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 90-102; Bancroft, United States (last revision), I, 224-237; Palfrey, New England, I, 288-329; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 517-533; John Fiske, New England; Barry, Massachusetts, I, 174–195.

Special. - Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, I, Ch. ii; Life and Letters of John Winthrop, II; G. E. Ellis, Puritan Age and Rule; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, I; Alice M. Earle, Margaret Winthrop.

Sources. John Winthrop, History of New England (edited by J. Savage); Life and Letters of John Winthrop; J. White, The Planter's Plea, 1630, reprinted by Force, Tracts, II; Edward Johnson, Wonder Working Providence of Sion's Savior in New England (edited by W. F. Poole); T. Morton, New English Canaan (edited by C. F. Adams in Prince Society, Publications); R. Clap, Memoirs, reprinted with many other valuable documents in Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts, and separately by the Dorchester Society of Antiquity; Dudley's Letter to the Countess of Lincoln is in Young, Massachusetts, in Force's Tracts, II, and in Farmer, New Hampshire Historical Collection, IV; Samuel Maverick, Description of New England is in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Second Series, I, 231; Wood, New England's Prospect, reprinted in Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts. The Cambridge Agreement is in many places: as Winthrop's Life and Letters, I; Young, Chronicles of Massachusetts, etc.

Bibliography. - Winsor, America, III, 348; Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, I.

§ 118. Early Massachusetts, 1630-1650.

Summary. Form of government established under the charter; the magistrates and their power. Rise of representative government; the franchise. — The land system; corporate rights.

Church and State; church government, synods. — Economic conditions. Local government, its origin and form, town meeting and selectmen. - Education and social conditions.

General. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 102-112; Barry, Massachusetts; Palfrey, Compendious History, I, 113-134, 271-300; Bancroft, United States (last revision), I, 237-248; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 533-541.

§ 118.]

Special. Representation: W. B. Weeden, Quality the prevailing Element in Representation, in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, Second Series, IV, 339; G. H. Haynes, Representation and Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1620-1691, in Johns Hopkins UniversityStudies, XII, Nos. 8, 9; Bishop, Colonial Suffrage.

On the origin of the New England town system: Melville Egleston, Land Systems of New England, reprinted in Johns Hopkins University, Studies; papers by C. F. Adams and others on The Genesis of Massachusetts Towns in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Second Series, VII; Channing, Town and County Government; Howard, Local Constitutional History; Hannis Taylor, Development of the English Constitution; Bryce, American Commonwealth; W. F. Allen, Essays ("The Town and Parish"); W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England; Buck, Ecclesiastical History; Felt, Ecclesiastical History; Washburn, Judicial History; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, Vol. II; H. B. Adams, Germanic Origin of New England Towns; Joel Parker, Origin of New England Towns, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 1866; P. E. Aldrich Origin of New England Towns, in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1884; A. Johnston, Genesis of Connecticut Towns; Andrews, River Towns of Connecticut. On the early church organization, see G. L. Walker, Thomas Hooker, and on the general question of ecclesiastical system and its influence on the state, see P. E. Lauer, Church and State in New England, in Johns Hopkins University, Studies, X, Nos. 2, 3. See also §§ 23, 29.

Sources. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, edited by N. B. Shurtleff, six volumes; Vol. I, 1628-41; II, 1642-49; III, 1644–57; IV, Pt. I, 1650-60; Pt. II, 1661-74; V, 167486. The Body of Liberties, 1641, is in W. H. Whitmore, Bibliographical Sketch of the Laws of the Massachusetts Colony, and in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Third Series, VIII, 216, and, with the comparison with Magna Charta drawn up by Winthrop and others, forms American History Leaflet, No. 25; Colonial Laws of 1660 with Supplements to 1672, edited by Whitmore (contains facsimiles of every page of the original printed edition and also the "Body of Liberties" of 1641); Colonial Laws of 1672 with supplements to 1686, facsimile edition issued under the supervision of W. H. Whitmore. These four publications give a complete view of the legislation under the old charter. John Cotton, An Abstract of the Lawes of New England, is reprinted in Force, Tracts, III. Records of Boston, Dorchester,

Charlestown, and Roxbury are in the Reports of the Boston Record Commissioners (W. H. Whitmore and W. S. Appleton); Watertown Records and Bond, History of Watertown; Life and Letters of John Winthrop, II, and especially the documents in the Appendix; Lechford, Plain Dealing, edited by J. H. Trumbull; Lechford's Journal printed by the American Antiquarian Society; John Child, New England's Jonas cast up at London, reprinted by Force, Tracts, IV, and separately with notes by T. R. Marvin; Nathaniel Ward, Simple Cobbler of Agawam, reprinted with notes by D. Pulsifer; Increase Mather, Remarkable Providences, 1684; Josselyn, Two Voyages to New England (1628 and 1663); Banks's edition of A True Relation of the Estate of New England, 1634; Wm. Wood, New England's Prospect, 1634; Trask, Suffolk Deeds, especially Vol. I; S. A. Green, Records of Groton; Nourse, Early Records of Lancaster; Hill, Dedham Records; S. Bates, Records of the Town of Braintree.

Bibliography. - The footnotes to the books noted under the heading "Special" in this section will give the leading sources.

§ 119. Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
1630-1640.

Summary.—1633–36, Roger Williams; his sojourn at Boston, Plymouth, and Salem; his ideas as to the validity of royal grants of land; his contention as to veils, as to the oath of fidelity, as to the proposed increase of Salem's land, etc. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? 1636, Providence founded. — 1633–38, Anne Hutchinson and her religious views. — The Antinomians. The Synod at Cambridge. - Vane and Winthrop. 1637-38, Trial and banishment of the Antinomians. - Effects of the thrusting out of Williams and the Antinomians on the mental development of Massachusetts; how far is it just to hold the Puritans responsible? 1638-39, Founding of the Rhode Island towns. Constitutional history of Providence Plantations and of Rhode Island.

General. — Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 113–140, 181–190, 236–246; Palfrey, Compendious History, I, 148–168, 195–213, 339–351; Bancroft, United States (last revision), I, 249-256, 260-264; Fiske, Beginnings of New England; G. W. Greene, Short History of Rhode Island; Barry,

§ 120.]

Rhode Island.

273

Massachusetts, I, 235-266, 317, 340; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 533-537, 541-547, 553-556; II, 38-49, 51, 68-99.

Special.-H. M. Dexter, As to Roger Williams; Prof. Diman, in Narragansett Club Publications, Vol. II; G. E. Ellis, in "Lowell Lectures" and Puritan Age and Rule; Arnold, Rhode Island; Chandler, Criminal Trials, Vol. I; Hosmer, Young Sir Harry Vane; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes, Vol. I; Palfrey, New England, I, 406–510; C. F. Adams, Massachusetts Historians, Review by W. F. Poole, in The Dial, February, 1894; C. F. Adams, Introduction to his edition of Welde's Short History; Brooks Adams, Emancipation of Massachusetts; Oliver, The Puritan Commonwealth; T. M. Merriman, Pilgrims, Puritans, and Roger Williams.

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Sources. Winthrop, New England; Hutchinson, Massachusetts, Accounts of Anne Hutchinson's trial are in Hutchinson, Vol. II, Appendix, and Chandler, Criminal Trials. See also T. Welde, A Short History of the Rise ... of the Antinomians (Prince Society, Publications, 1894); Early Records of the Town of Providence.

Bibliography.—Winsor, America, III, 368-384; J. R. Bartlett, Bibliography of Rhode Island.

§ 120. Rhode Island to 1665.

Summary. Samuel Gorton and his struggle with Massachusetts. 1643, Incorporation of Providence Plantations. Form of first government. 1663, The Rhode Island charter.

Peculiar features of Rhode Island institutions. -The "Rhode Island spirit."

General. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 236-244, 267-273, 308-319; II, 127-130; Greene, Short History of Rhode Island, 18-54; Bancroft, United States (last revision), I, 296–298, 362–365; Fiske, New England; Hildreth, United States, I, 289–291, 304, 305, 322, 323, 394-398, 405, 456, 457; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, II, 99–114; Barry, Massachusetts; Palfrey, Compendious History, I, 381-391; II, 48-54.

Special. Arnold, Rhode Island, I; Brayton, Defence of Gorton; Palfrey, New England, II; Greene, History of East Greenwich ; Staples, Annals of Providence; Knowles, Memoir of Roger Williams. On the franchise in Rhode Island, see Rider, Rhode Island Tracts New Series, No. 1. See also on the general topic §§ 23, 25, 29, 32.

Sources. Colonial Records of Rhode Island. The "Incorporation of Providence Plantations" is in Charters and Constitutions, II, 1594; the charter of 1663 in ibid., II, 1595. For Gorton's Simplicities Defence, see Force, Tracts, IV.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, III, 368–384.

§ 121. Connecticut, 1638-1662.

Summary. The Dutch and the Pilgrims on the Connecticut River. Lords Brook, and Say and Sele. 1635, Saybrook founded. — 1635-36 Emigration from Massachusetts; motives of the emigrants. Early constitutional history. -1638-39, The Fundamental Orders. — 1637, The Pequod War. — 1662, The Connecticut charter and form of government established under it. - Extent of the Connecticut grant.

General. Doyle, Puritan Colonies, I, 149-178, 223, 286, 287; Palfrey, Compendious History, I, 170-193, 233-236, 395-398; II, 39-48 ; Bancroft, United States (last revision), I, 265–270; Hildreth, United States, I, 216, 229, 230, 237–241, 247–252, 286, 371, 456; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 547-553; II, 1-27, 31–38; Fiske, New England; Barry, Massachusetts, I, 204–234.

Special. Trumbull, History of Connecticut; G. L. Walker, Thomas Hooker; Barber, Historical Collections; Caulkins, History of Norwich; Hollister, History of Connecticut; Larned, History of Windham County; Bowen, Boundary Disputes of Connecticut; Charles M. Andrews, The River Towns of Connecticut, in Johns Hopkins University, Studies, VII, Nos. 7-9. See also §§ 23, 29.

Sources. Winthrop, New England; Hutchinson, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Colony Records; Colonial Records of Connecticut. For the Pequod War, see Mason's "History" in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Second Series, VIII, 120-153; and Underhill, "News from America," in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Third Series, VI, 1-28; Connecticut Historical Society, Collections.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, III, 368–375.

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