$ 91.]

Louisiana.

245 V, Miscellaneous, and Foreign Relations, IV; " An Account of Louisiana compiled from documents in the State Department," in American State Papers, Miscellaneous, I, also printed separately; French, Historical Collections, V, contains documents relating to the cession by France to Spain, O'Reilly's "Ordinances," and many other papers.

Sketches and fac-similes of many of the important maps will be found in Winsor, America, V, 66-86, and in his Mississippi Basin. The "Pacte de Famille " is in Martens, Recueil, I, 16; the Treaty of 1763 is in Martens, Recueil, I, 104, and French, Historical Collections, the portions as to boundaries are reprinted in American History Leaflets, No. 5; the Treaty of 1783 is in Martens, Recueil, III, 511, 541, and in Treaties and Conventions between the United States and other Powers, 314.

Bibliography. - A. McF. Davis, in Winsor, America, V, 63–74; the "Notes" and the section on Cartography by Winsor in the same volume, pp. 75-86.

X. ENGLISH EXPLORERS AND THE SOUTHERN

ENGLISH COLONIES.

§ 92. The Cabots.

Summary. 1497, John Cabot discovers North America. The landfall: Cape Breton Island, Labrador. -Date of the voyage. Evidence: the Cabot map, the official documents, contemporary letters. History of the older accounts of the Cabot voyages. Sebastian Cabot, his later history. Other Cabot voyages: possible limits of their explorations. — Title by discovery: what rights does it confer; extent of rights, how long do they continue. — 1493, Bull of Alexander. Titles of England, France, and Spain to North America in 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700.- Effects of the Cabot voyages on English colonization.

General. - Charles Deane, in Winsor, America, III, 1-7; C. R. Markham, Columbus, 226–233; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 129– 138; G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 8-15; Higginson, Larger History, 78-84; Fiske, America, II, 2-15; Doyle, Virginia, 23-26, 37-39; Palfrey, New England, I, 60–63; Compendious History, I, 2; Hildreth, United States, I, 34–36.

Special. Charles Deane, as above, pp. 7–38; Richard Biddle, Sebastian Cabot. As to the date see also R. H. Major, True Date of the English Discovery; H. Harrisse, Discovery of America; Harrisse, Jean et Sebastian Cabot, rewritten with changes, as Harrisse, John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America; D. W. Prowse, Newfoundland, Ch. II; Kohl, Discovery of Maine.

Sources. - The Cabot Map: Winsor, America, III, 52; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 193; Kohl, Discovery of Maine, 358. A fullsized photograph of the map is in Harvard University Library, in the Library of the American Antiquarian Society, and in several other libraries; the reduced facsimiles give an inadequate idea of the map, especially of the legends; for other facsimiles see Winsor, America, III,

§ 93.]

English Explorers.

247

81, note 3. The inscriptions on the map are translated in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Second Series, VI. — Letters from Raimondo de Socino, dated London, 1497, are in Winsor, America, III, 53-55. The most important sources are reprinted in American History Leaflets, No. 9. See, also, Documents relating to John and Sebastian Cabot, translated by C. R. Markham in his Columbus's Journal, pp. 197226 (Hakluyt Society, Publications, 1893). There is something in Higginson, American Explorers, 55-59.

Bibliography. - Charles Deane, in Winsor, America, III, Ch. i.

§ 93. The English Seamen.

Summary. - English trade and commerce in the first part of the sixteenth century. — The Hawkins's, father and son. - The English slave-trade. — 1567, The disaster at San Juan d'Ulloa. — Francis Drake, his reprisals. — 1577-80, Drake's voyage around the world, his exploration on the Pacific coast of the United States. Drake's anchorage on the California coast. The maritime awakenings of the English: Hawkins, Drake, Ralegh, Cavendish, Frobisher. The Spanish colonial policy.

General. — Higginson, Larger History, 84-107; E. E. Hale in Winsor, America, Vol. III, Ch. ii; G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 98-100; (last revision), I, 66; Hildreth, United States, I, 79, 81.

Special. — J. A. Froude, English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century; Froude, History of England, XI, 94, 369-403, 441; J. K. Laughton, The Armada (Navy Records Society series), Introduction-contains some severe strictures on Froude's methods; E. J. Payne, Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen; Higginson, American Explorers; D. W. Prowse, Newfoundland, Ch. iv; J. Corbett, Sir Francis Drake; W. Stebbing, Sir Walter Ralegh; E. Edwards, Life of Ralegh; J. A. St. John, Life of Sir Walter Raleigh; E. Gosse, Raleigh (English Worthies series); Louise Creighton, Sir Walter Ralegh (Historical Biographies series).

Sources. - C. R. Markham, The Hawkins' Voyages (Hakluyt Society, Publications, 1878); Thomas Marquarde, Sir Francis Drake, his Voyage, reprinted by the Hakluyt Society in 1849; Fletcher, The World Encom

passed by Sir Francis Drake, reprinted by the Hakluyt Society in 1855; Davidson, Identification of Sir Francis Drake's Anchorage; Hakluyt, Discourse on Western Planting, reprinted with notes by Leonard Woods and Charles Deane in Maine Historical Society, Collections, Vol. II; Richard Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, edited by Edmund Goldsmid, 16 vols., Edinburgh, 1885-90.

Bibliography.

Winsor in his America, III, 78–84.

§ 94. Other Early English Explorers.

Summary. 1527, John Rut. - 1567, Ingram's supposed march. 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert's expedition. 1580, John Walker in Norumbega. — 1583, Gilbert on the Newfoundland coast, his death. — Value of the English claim to American lands in 1584.

General. - Doyle, English in America, Virginia, 43-51; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 226, 229-240; G. Bancroft, United States, (original edition), I, 86, 100-102; (last revision), I, 66-69; Palfrey, New England, I, 67-69; Compendious History, I, 3; Hildreth, United States, I, 76–80.

For

Special. De Costa in Winsor, America, III, Ch. vi. Gilbert's voyage see Payne, Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen; Voyages towards the Northwest, in Hakluyt Society, Publications for 1849. Ingram's Land Travels is in Weston, South Carolina Docu

ments and in Magazine of American History, IX.

Sources are enumerated in Winsor, America, III, 184-187. Gilbert's Patent is in Hazard's Historical Collections, I, 24.

Summary.

§ 95. The Ralegh Colonies.

Ralegh, his early career. 1584, Elizabeth grants

Ralegh a charter; its form and significance.

1584, Amadas and

Barlow on the coast of North Carolina; reports as to the resources

of the country; the naming of Virginia. - 1585, Ralegh's first colony, under Grenville and Lane. 1586, The colonists rescued by Francis Drake. — 1586, Grenville leaves fifteen men to keep possession. — 1587, The "lost colony" under John White; his

$ 96.]

Ralegh and Gosnold.

249

- 1590,

return to England. — 1588, the coming of the Armada. White again in Virginia. — Reports and conjectures as to the fate of the colonists. - 1588, Hariot's Narrative published.

General.-W. W. Henry in Winsor, America, III, 108-115; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 240-261; Doyle, Virginia, 56-74; G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 102-126; (last revision), I, 69-79; Palfrey, Compendious History, I, 4; Hildreth, United States, I, 80-87.

Special. Tarbox, Sir Walter Ralegh (Prince Society); Hawks, North Carolina; Payne, Elizabethan Seamen. For other references see § 93.

Sources. The documents are in Hawks, North Carolina, I, and in the Prince Society's volume above noted. The Ralegh Patent is in Charters and Constitutions, II, 1379. See also Archæologia Americana, IV; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, Third Series, VIII, 117; Strachey, The History of Travail into Virginia Britannia, edited by R. H. Major in Hakluyt Society, Publications, for 1849; Thomas Hariot, Narrative of the First English Plantation of Virginia, London, 1588, reprinted at Frankfort, 1590, by De Bry with illustrations, as: A Brief and True Report of Virginia. Facsimiles of the De Bry edition were printed by the Holbein Society, 1888, and by Quaritch, 1893. See also W. Noel Sainsbury, editor, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, I, and other volumes of the "Rolls Series "; the Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts; Alexander Brown, Genesis of the United States.

Bibliography. Winsor, America, III, 121–126.

§ 96. Gosnold, Pring, and Weymouth. Summary. — 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold on the New England coast, his route, objects of the voyage, return to England. 1603, Martin Pring enters Plymouth harbor. — 1605, George Weymouth on the coast of Maine; disputes as to his exact route. Results of his voyage.

General. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 262-267, 315-316; Doyle, Virginia, 105, 107, 108; G. Bancroft, United States, (original edition), I, 127-132; (last revision), I, 79–81; Palfrey, New England, I, 70-76; Compendious History, I, 4, 5; Hildreth, United States, I,