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1851 and in Force's Tracts, IV. Pedro de Castañeda de Nagera, Relacion de la Jornada de Cibola, . la qual fué el año de 1540, translated by G. P. Winship from a Spanish manuscript in the Lenox library, is in Bureau of Ethnology, Reports, No. XIV, in French in TernauxCompans, Voyages. Other original documents relating to Coronado's explorations are in American History Leaflets, No. 13, and in Bandelier, Documentary History of the Tribe of Zuni; see also the various collections noted in § 85 and the "Chroniclers" (§ 83). Many important documents will also be found in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida; Historical Magazine, X; and in Higginson, American Explorers; and in the Old South Leaflets.

Bibliography. — J. G. Shea in Winsor, America, II, 283 (Florida); H. W. Haynes in Winsor, America, II, 448 (Coronado).

§ 87. Early French Explorers.

Summary. The French fishermen, were they on the American coast before Columbus? — 1524, Verrazano's voyage; evidence for and against its having been made. The story of Norumbega and other similar tales. — 1534, Jacques Cartier's first voyage, the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — 1535, Cartier's second voyage, the St. Lawrence River to Montreal. — 1540, Cartier's third voyage and Roberval's Expedition.

General. — G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 16–28; (last revision), I, 15-21; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 174–199; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Doyle, English in America, Virginia, I, 82-87; Palfrey, New England, I, 64–67; Compendious History, I, 2; Hildreth, United States, I, 42, 44-46.

Special. Verrazano: Winsor, Christopher Columbus, Appendix; George Dexter, in Winsor, America, IV, 4-9; Brevoort, Verrazano the Navigator; Murphy, Voyage of Verrazano; De Costa, Verrazano the Explorer; Kohl, Discovery of Maine.-Cartier: Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; De Costa, in Winsor, America, IV, 47–62; H. B. Stephens, Jacques Cartier; Harrisse, Discovery of America; D. W. Prowse, Newfoundland, Ch. iii.

Sources. — Verrazano: The Verrazano Map, Magazine of American History, II, 449; Winsor, America, IV, 26; Murphy, Verrazano, 91. The Verrazano Letter, Murphy, Verrazano, 170; Voyage of John de

§ 88.]

French Explorations.

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Verarzanus, in Hakluyt Society, Publications, 1850; Higginson, American Explorers, 60-69; Old South Leaflets. - Cartier: The " Narratives," Hakluyt, Navigations, III, 50, reprinted in Goldsmid's edition, XIII, 77; Higginson, Explorers, 91–117.

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Bibliography. - Verrazano: Dexter, in Winsor, America, IV, 17–29. - Cartier: De Costa, in ibid., IV, 62–68.

Summary.

§ 88. The Huguenot Settlements.

The Huguenots.—1555-60, attempt to found a colony in Brazil; 1556, Thevet's alleged voyage along the coast of North America; 1562, Ribault's colony on Port Royal Sound. — 1563, Laudonnière builds Fort Caroline, sufferings of the colonists. — 1565, Menendez founds St. Augustine, massacres French colonists and most of the survivors of the shipwreck of Ribault's fleet. — 1567, Dominic de Gourges attacks the Spaniards.

General. — Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 189-223; Parkman, Pioneers (revised edition, 1887), 27-179; Doyle, Virginia, I, 88–100; George Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 68–83; (last revision), I, 50-59; Hildreth, United States, I, 71–75.

Special. — J. G. Shea, in Winsor, America, II, 260-283; Parkman, Pioneers; J. Sparks, Life of Ribault; Baird, Huguenot Emigration; Fairbanks, St. Augustine; Paul Gaffarel, Brésil Française; Paul Gaffarel, La Floride Française.

Sources. On the Brazil colony: Thevet, Singularitez de la France Antarctique, 1557, new edition by Paul Gaffarel, Paris, 1878; Paul Gaffarel's edition of De Lery, Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil; Ternaux-Compans, Voyages. The Huguenots: Hakluyt, Divers Voyages, reprinted by the Hakluyt Society, 1850, and the part relating to Florida by French in his Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida, which contains many other important documents; Laudonnière, in L'histoire notable de la Floride, in English, in Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, Goldsmid's edition, XIII, 407, and in French's Historical Collections. Many documents are also reprinted in whole or in part in the Historical Magazine, III, and in Higginson, American Explorers.

Bibliography. Winsor, in his America, VIII, 391 (Brazil); J. G. Shea in Winsor, America, II, 292 (Florida).

§ 89. Champlain and French Colonization in the North.

Summary. -1603, De Monts and his patent. — 1604, Settlements on the Bay of Fundy. — Champlain on the New England coast.—1608, Champlain founds Quebec. — 1609, Champlain discovers Lake Champlain; 1615, Lake Huron.—1629, Sir Thomas Kerts captures Quebec. 1632, Treaty of St. Germain: New France, Acadia, and Canada confirmed to France. — 1632–33, La Tour and D'Aulnay. —1613-1713, Progress of the French colonies. — 1713, Treaty of Utrecht. Acadia ceded to England. - The boundaries of the French colonies.

General. - Slafter, in Winsor, America, IV, 103-122; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 312, 313, 321; Doyle, Virginia, I, 146; G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), I, 29–34; (last revision), I, 18-21; Hildreth, United States, I, 91, 92.

Special. Parkman, Pioneers of France (edition of 1877), 187-443; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac ; Slafter's Champlain, Memoir prefixed to his edition of voyages (3 vols., in Prince Society Publications); Murdock's Nova Scotia; Hannay, Acadia; P. Palmer, History of Lake Champlain; The Writings of O. H. Marshall relating to the West; W. Kingsford, History of Canada, I.

Sources. Champlain, Œuvres (edition of Laverdière, Quebec, 1870), translated in Slafter's Champlain. See also portions in O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, III; Higginson, American Explorers, 269-278; Collectanea Adamantæa, XXIII; see also Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, partly translated by Erondells in Purchas, Pilgrimes, IV, 1605-1645. The De Monts Patent is in Williamson, History of Maine, I, 651. — For Sir William Alexander's Patent, see ibid., p. 655. — There are translations of a few documents in French, Historical Collections, Second Series, II.

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Bibliography. Slafter, in Winsor, America, IV, 130; for Acadia, see also C. C. Smith, in ibid., IV, 147.

§ 90.]

French Explorers.

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§ 90. French Explorers in the Interior.

Summary.—1634-35, Nicollet discovers Lake Michigan and a tributary of the Mississippi. — 1673, Joliet and Marquette discover the Mississippi. — 1680, Hennepin discovers the Falls of St. Anthony.-1681, La Salle explores the Mississippi to its mouth. La Salle's attempt to found a colony on the lower Mississippi, and death. — 1699, Settlement of Louisiana and history to 1763.—The spirit of French colonization; the Jesuits and the traders. The French in the Ohio Valley.

General. — Gay, Bryant's Popular History, II, 499–553; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, Ch. ii; G. Bancroft, United States (original edition), III, 109-174; (last revision), II, 149-174; Hildreth, United States, II, 97-122.

Special. Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; E. D. Neill in Winsor, America, IV, Ch. v; Monette, History of the Valley of the Mississippi; J. G. Shea, Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Parkman, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (revised edition, 1879); A HalfCentury of Conflict, I, Ch. xiii; Gayarré, Louisiana; Scharf, St. Louis; Shea's Hennepin; Garneau, Histoire de Canada; Bryce, History of the Canadian People; McMullen, The History of Canada (edition of 1891), I; Wm. Kingsford, History of Canada, I.

Sources. Margry, Mémoires, etc. (6 vols., contains the original documents); French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Vols. I and IV, and Second Series, II; the more important papers relating to La Salle are translated by J. G. Shea in his Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi; Charlevoix, Histoire Générale de la Nouvelle France, translated by Shea as History and General Description of New France, in six volumes, to which is prefixed a Memoir" of the author by the translator; Relations des Jésuits; Publications of the Quebec Historical and Literary Society; Leclerc, Premier Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France, translated by Shea as First Establishment of the Faith in New France; Shea, Hennepin's Description of Louisiana.

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Bibliography. Winsor, in his America, IV, 190-202; Griffin in Magazine of American History for 1883.

§ 91. The Settlement of Louisiana.

Summary. 1684-87, La Salle's attempt at colonization, his death. -1699–1701, The French settlement of Louisiana, Iberville and Bienville. — 1712, License to Crozat. — 1717, Illinois joined to Louisiana. —1717, John Law's Company of the West; the Mississippi Bubble. —1714 and 1718, the French in Texas. 1718, New Orleans founded. — The French and the Mississippi Indians. — 1763, Louisiana ceded by France to Spain and England; boundaries of Louisiana and of West Florida.— 1768–69, The Spaniards take possession of Louisiana; Don John O'Reilly's Regulations. 1776-83, Louisiana during the Revolutionary War. -1783, Louisiana ceded to Spain and to the United States. — Government of Louisiana by the French and the Spaniards. Population, products, trade, and social condition in 1763 and 1783.

General. Andrew McF. Davis, in Winsor, America, V, 13-55; G. Bancroft, United States (last revision), II, 187–191, 224-232, 237; III, 75, 316–318, 352-354.

Special. F. X. Martin, Louisiana; C. Gayarré, Histoire de la Louisiane, in two volumes, or his History of Louisiana, in four volumes; Barbé-Marbois, Histoire de la Louisiane, translated as the History of Louisiana (especially valuable for the later period; J. Winsor, The Mississippi Basin; Stoddard, Sketches of Louisiana); J. W. Monette, History of the Valley of the Mississippi; B. M. Norman, New Orleans; M. Thompson, Story of Louisiana; Grace King, Sieur de Bienville; J. F. H. Claiborne, Mississippi as a Province, etc.; Pickett, Alabama and Georgia; the histories of Texas, Florida, Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois (§ 23). For accounts of La Salle's attempted colonization, see § 90.

Sources. Charlevoix, Histoire, translated by J. G. Shea; the portions relating to Louisiana are also in French, Historical Collections; La Harpe, Journal Historique concernant . . . la Louisiane; Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, reprinted as The History of Louisiana, or the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina; Dumont, History of Louisiana, in French's Historical Collections, V; Vergennes, Mémoire historique; Wait, State Papers; American State Papers, Public Lands,

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