§ 82.]

Summary.

Discoveries of America.

§ 82. The Columbian Discoveries.

235

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Birth and early career of Christopher Columbus. His ideas as to the shape and size of the earth; whence came these ideas? Attempts to get assistance for a western voyage. Contract with the Spanish monarchs. -1492, The first voyage and discovery of Cuba, San Domingo, etc.— Theories as to the landfall. -1493, The second voyage, Columbus as a colonizer. -14981500, The third voyage, mouth of the Orinoco, Island of Trinidad. -1502-1504, The fourth voyage, the east coast of Central America, Jamaica. The character of Columbus, and his place in the world's history.—1493, The Bull of Demarcation; its later history. General. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 92-120; Winsor in his America, II, 1–23.

Special. Winsor, Christopher Columbus; Clements R. Markham, Columbus; Irving, Columbus; Fiske, America, I, 335-518; Arthur Helps, Spanish Conquest of America; Harrisse, Christopher Columbus ; Kayserling, Christopher Columbus; P. Gaffarel, Histoire de la Découverte, II. On the landfall see Clements R. Markham, Columbus; Becher, Landfall; G. V. Fox, Attempt to Solve the Problem, etc., in United States Coast Survey Report for 1880, Ap. XVIII; J. B. Murdoch, in Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute for 1884.

Sources. The letters and journal of Columbus in Major, Select Letters of Columbus, 2d edition (Hakluyt Society, Publications); The Journal of Christopher Columbus (during his first voyage), translated by Clements R. Markham in Hakluyt Society, Publications, 1893; Kettell, A Personal Narrative (gives a translation of the journal); American History Leaflets, No. 1 (contains a translation of the letter to Santangel and portions of the journal); Columbus, Letter to Santangel is also in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Second Series, II, 145-152. See also the reprints and translations published by the Boston Public Library, the Lenox Library, and by Quaritch. Extracts and abstracts from some of the documents may also be found in Mackie, With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and Last Voyages of the Admiral; and in Higginson, American Explorers. For the Bull of Pope Alexander see Fiske, America, I, Appendix; Catholic Historical Researches, III, 71; Navarrete, Coleccion de los viages, II; Peschel, Die Theilung der Erde unter Papst Alexander VI und Julius II, Appendix; E. G. Bourne, The Demarcation Line of Alexander VI, in The Yale Review for May, 1892, pp. 35-55

Winsor, in his America, II, 46-69, and in his

§ 83. The Companions and Successors of Columbus.

Summary. 1498-1512, Discovery and exploration along the northern coast of South America: 'Ojeda, Juan de la Cosa, Nicuesa, Bastidas. - 1510, Settlement on the Gulf of Darien. 1513, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific. - Progress of discovery along the west coast; Peru, Nicaragua. - 1508, Circumnavigation of Cuba.-1518, Grijalva discovers Mexico. — 1519, Pineda discovers the mouth of the Mississippi.

General. — S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I; C. R. Markham, Christopher Columbus, 238-247; Edward Channing, The Companions of Columbus, in Winsor, America, II, 181-204.

Special. — W. Irving, Companions of Columbus; Fiske, America, II; A. Helps, Spanish Conquest of America; H. H. Bancroft, Central America, I, especially Ch. ii; J. G. Shea, Ancient Florida in Winsor, America, II, Ch. iv; P. Gaffarel, Histoire de la Découverte, II, Les Contemporains de Colomb; Ruge, Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen.

ee

Sources. - Oviedo, Historia General (edition printed by the Real Academia); Herrera, Historia General (translated by John Stevens); Peter Martyr, Decades, translated by Eden (reprinted by Arber in The First Three English Books on America). See also the collections of documents published by the Spanish government, especially Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista, y colonizacion de las posessiones Españolas en América y Oceania, edited by Pacheco, Cardenas and others and often cited as Pacheco and Cardenas"; Navarrete Viages Menores forming Vol. III of his Coleccion de los Viages; Navarrete, Biblioteca Maritima Española; Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Historia Verdadera; Icazbalceta, Coleccion de Documentos para la historia de México; H. Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, relations, et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique. MAPS: Juan de la Cosa, 1500, — reproduced in the original size or in facsimile, in whole or in part, in many of the collections noted in § 78 especially Jomard, Monuments. Also see reduced sketches following the original in Winsor, America, II, 8 and in Weise, Discoveries of America; Humboldt, Examen Critique, V, and his essay in Ghillany's Behaim. Ruysch, 1508, facsimile in Winsor, III, 9, and in Weise. A

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Successors of Columbus.

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copy of the original is in Harvard University Library. For sketches of other early maps, see Winsor, America, II, especially pp. 211-230.

Bibliography. Channing in Justin Winsor, America, II, 205 and following. See also the "Essays" and footnotes to the chapters on Mexico and Peru in the same volume.

§ 84. The Naming of America.

Summary. Amerigo Vespucci, his voyages to America. — Evidence for and against these voyages. The phrase "New World" as applied to South America. Martin Waldseemüller (Hylacomylus), his Cosmographic Introductio. — 1507, The proposal to name the "New World" America. Did Amerigo Vespucci approve the design? — 1507-1541, The spreading of the name. Other theories as to the origin of the word America.

General.-S. H. Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 123–128; Winsor, Columbus, 538-555; C. R. Markham, Columbus, 344-356.

Special.-S. H. Gay in Winsor, America, II, Gh. ii; J. Fiske, Discovery of America, II; Lester, Life of Vespucius; Santarem, Researches respecting Americus Vespucius and his Voyages, translated from the French by E. V. Childe; R. H. Major in his Prince Henry the Navigator and Discoveries of Prince Henry; Varnhagen's various works on Vespucci, especially his Nouvelles Recherches; Humboldt, Examen Critique, IV, V; Winsor, Notes on Vespucius in his America, II, 153 and following; D'Avezac, Waltzeemüller, ses ouvrages, et ses collaborateurs.

Sources. Vespucius, Letters (describing the four voyages) reprinted with translations by Quaritch, 1893; Waldseemüller, Cosmographiæ Introductio (the titlepage and important passages given in facsimile in Winsor, America, II, 167, 168, 171); the Spanish chroniclers, especially Herrera and the collections of documents, particularly that by Navarrete.

Bibliography. The footnotes to Gay's chapter and Winsor's very full "Notes" in his America, II, 153-179.

§ 85. The Spanish Conquerors.

Summary. 1515-27, Progress of discovery along the west coast of South America, the finding of Peru. — The Pizarros and their companions. — 1531-34, The conquest, treatment of the natives. Later careers of the leading men.

1511, Conquest of Cuba by the Spaniards under Velasquez.1517, Córdoba's voyage to Yucatan. — 1518, Grijalva discovers Mexico Velasquez sends an expedition under Cortez to conquer it. Hernando Cortez and his companions. 1519-21, The conLater history of Nueva España.

quest of Mexico.

General. C. R. Markham, in Winsor, America, II, Ch. viii (Peru); Winsor, in his America II, Ch. vi (Mexico); J. Fiske America, II.

Special. W. H. Prescott, Conquest of Peru and Conquest of Mexico; A. Helps, Spanish Conquest of America, the bulk of this work is also printed in a different form as Life of Pizarro and Life of Cortez; H. H. Bancroft, Mexico, I; R. G. Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America during the Colonial Period.

Sources. For the conquest of Mexico: The collections of documents noted in § 83, especially Pacheco and Cardenas and Icazbalceta, and the Documentos Inéditos para la historia España; Motolinia, Historia de los Indios de Nueva España; Documentos para la historia de México; I. L. Rayon, editor, Archivo Mexicano; Lorenzana, Historia de Nueva España; Bernal Diaz, Historia Verdadera; Gomara, La conquista de México; Sahagun, Historia de la conquista de México; Despatches of Cortes, translated by George Folsom.

For the conquest of Peru: the standard collections, the early Chroniclers, and Cieza de Leon, La Chronica del Peru, Parts I and II, translated by C. R. Markham and printed in the publications of the Hakluyt Society for 1864 and 1883. See also Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, translated in part by Markham for the Hakluyt Society, 1869-71.

Bibliography. — Winsor, America (Peru) II, 573-578, (Mexico) II,

402-430.

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Spanish Explorers.

§ 86. The Spaniards in the United States.

239

Summary. 1513, Ponce de Leon discovers and names Florida, the exact date. — 1517, Córdoba on the Gulf coast. -1519,

Pineda discovers the Mississippi. — 1520, Gordillo on the Atlantic coast of Florida. 1524-25, Gomez, in the service of Spain, on the Atlantic seaboard of the United States; extent of his voyage; arguments for and against the voyage having been made. — 1526, De Ayllon in Chesapeake Bay, the site of San Miguel de Guandape. — 1528, Narvaez, with a large force, lands on the Gulf coast of Florida; probable fate of the expedition. — 1528-36, The wanderings of Cabeza-de-Vaca and his comrades; their stories of buffaloes and pueblos. 1520-40, Progress of discovery and settlement on the west coast of North America. — 1539, Fray Marcos's reconnoissance toward the pueblos. - 1540-42, Explorations of Coronado, identification of his route.—1539-42, Explorations of De Soto, identification of his route. 1542-1763, The Spaniards in New Mexico and Florida; meaning of these words.

General. — George Bancroft, United States, I, 34-68, 74-82; Doyle, English in America, Virginia, 75-81; J. G. Shea, in Winsor, America, II, 231-254; H. W. Haynes, in ibid., II, 473-498; Parkman, Pioneers of France, Ch. i (on Florida only); Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 139-173; Hildreth, United States, I, 39, 43-44, 47–49.

Special. Theodore Irving, Conquest of Florida; Bernard Shipp, De Soto and Florida; P. Gaffarel, Histoire de la Floride Française; C. C. Jones, Georgia, 1; W. H. H. Davis, Spanish Conquest of New Mexico; Simpson in Smithsonian Institution, Report, 1869; H. H. Bancroft, New Mexico; Frank W. Blackmar, Spanish Colonization in the Southwest, in the Johns Hopkins University, Studies, VIII, No. 4; the histories of the southwestern states and territories, of Kansas, and of Nebraska (§ 23). For the settlement of St. Augustine see § 88.

Sources. Buckingham Smith, Journey of Cabeza de Vaca, especially the edition of 1871; A. F. Bandelier, Papers of the Archæological Institute of America, I, II, IV (Cabeza de Vaca and Fray Marcos); Buckingham Smith, De Soto Letter and Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda respecting Florida; The Discovery and Conquest of Terra Florida by Don Ferdinando de Soto, written by "A Gentleman of Elvas" and translated by Hakluyt in Hakluyt Society, Publications for