XVII Centuries reproduced in their original size, Amsterdam, 1891; A. E. Nordenskiöld, Fac-simile Atlas to the Early History of Cartography, With reproductions of the most important maps printed in the XV and XVI Centuries. Translated from the Swedish original by J. D. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889; Sophus Ruge, Die Entwickelung der Kartographie von Amerika bis 1570 (Petermann's Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft, Nr. 106). This is the best compact collection of sketches for students. Published in 1892 for 8 Marks; Vicomte de Santarem, Atlas composé de Mappemondes, de Portulans, et de Cartes hydrographiques et historiques depuis le VI jusqu'au XVII Siècle, Paris, 1842-53; H. Stevens, Historical and Geographical Notes of the Early Discoveries in America, New Haven, 1869; Vivien de Saint-Martin, Histoire de la Géographie et des Découvertes géographiques, Paris, 1873-74 (Atlas of 32 maps).

MAPS, ORIGINALS: The collection in the Harvard University Library is the best in America so far as the cartography of the country as a whole is concerned; the collection in the library of the Wisconsin Historical Society is rich in maps of the interior and of the earlier history of the West.

Among the separate maps in the former collection may be mentioned: Sanson, 1656; Delisle, 1689; Coronelli, 1689; Delisle, 1700, 1703, and 1718; Jaillot, 1719; Moll, 1715, 1720; Map drawn for the Compagnie François Occident, 1701-1720; D'Anville, 1746, 1755; Bowen, 1747; Evans, 1749; Huske, 1755; Kitchin, 1755 (two copies of this map giving different boundaries); Jeffrey's D'Anville, 1755; de Rouge, 1755; Jeffrey's, 1755; Mitchell, 1755; Covens et Mortier, 1757; Evans, 17581771; Palairet, 1759; Jeffrey's, 1762 (?); Kitchin, 1763; Bowen, 1763; Quebec, 1763, after English and French surveys; Bell, 1772; Pownall, 1776; Pownall's D'Anville, 1777; Faden, 1777; Brion de la Tour, 1778, 1779; Maps in Fitzmaurice's Life of Shelburne, 3, 170, 294; Delisle, 1782; Wallis, 1783; Faden, 1783; Andrews, 1783; Bowles, 1783; Lothe, 1784; Janvier, 1784.

Many of the most important of the early maps are contained in the several editions of Ptolemy's Geography; in De Laet, Nieuwe Wereldt; in Montanus, Nieuwe Weereld; and in the accounts of the voyages of the Spanish, French, and English seamen, and of the early explorers, as Captain John Smith (see §§ 83-97).

Bibliography. (See §§ 21-21 d); Thwaites, Colonies, § 1; A. B.* Hart, Formation of the Union, passim. Winsor's works are in great measure a bibliography of the subject. See also his Kohl Collection of

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231

Early Maps (Harvard University Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 19) and his Bibliography of Ptolemy's Geography (Harvard University Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 18); G. Marcel, Catalogue des Documents Géographiques, exposés à la Section des Cartes et Plans de la Bibliothèque National, Paris, 1892.

§ 79. Archæology.

Summary. — Evidences of the antiquity of man in North America the paleolithic implements of the Trenton gravel; other deposits of these implements; other remains of prehistoric man, the Calaveras skull, the Nampa image, etc. — Credibility of these evidences. Paleolithic man, as he is pictured by the archæologists. — Attempts made to connect prehistoric man with the Red Men of North America at the time of the Columbian discovery: Neolithic man, the skrellings, etc.

General. John Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 1–19; H. W. Haynes in Winsor, America, I, Ch. vi; G. F. Wright, The Ice Age; J. D. Baldwin, Ancient America; Nadaillac, Prehistoric America.

Special. Charles C. Abbott, Primitive Industry, and see also his articles in Reports of the Peabody Museum, II, 30 and 235; J. W. Foster, Prehistoric Races of America; J. T. Short, North Americans of Antiquity (an old-time view); W. R. Moorehead, Primitive Man in Ohio; L. Carr, Mounds of the Mississippi Valley in Report of Smithsonian Institution for 1891; E. A. Allen, The Prehistoric World.

Sources.-E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley; S. F. Haven, Archæology of the United States (Smithsonian Institution, Contributions, VIII); Sir Daniel Wilson, Prehistoric Man... in the Old and New World, and The Lost Atlantis; J. W. Powell, Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, especially the Report for 1890-91; F. W. Putnam, editor, Archæological and Ethnological Collections (Wheeler's Survey, Reports, VII); E. T. Stevens, Flint Chips: A Guide to Prehistoric Archæology.

Bibliography. Winsor, in his America, I, 369 and following, and the "Notes" to Prof. Haynes's chapter; P. B. Watson, Pre-Columbian Bibliography.

§ 80. The Aborigines.

Summary. — The opposing theories of Prescott and others who rely on the "Early American Chroniclers,” and of Lewis H. Morgan and his followers. — The leading points in the latter theory. — Indian ideas as to landholding, inheritance, and communism. — Theories as to the origin of the Red Race of America. — Social condition of the Indians on the Atlantic seaboard of North America in 1500-1600. — Effects on the Indians of the coming of the Europeans. Difference in the treatment of the Indian problem by the Spanish, French, and English colonists. — Reaction of these several Indian policies on the colonists of the respective nations.

General. Higginson, Larger History, 1-26; L. H. Morgan, Montezuma's Dinner, in North American Review for 1876 (CXXII); W. H. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico, Introduction; Fiske, America, I, 21–147.

Special.-L. H. Morgan, Houses and House-life, p. 136, and following; A. F. Bandelier's papers in Reports of Peabody Museum, II, and in the Papers of the Archæological Institute of America, especially his Social Organization, Art of Warfare Among the Ancient Mexicans, and The Tribe of Zuni; L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois; H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific Coast, II, and History of Mexico, I.

Sources. -The early Spanish Chroniclers (§ 83), especially Oviedo, Herrera; the early explorers in Documentos Inéditos; Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Historia Verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, translated by Lockhart; Sahagun, Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva España; Castañeda, Relacion de la Jornada de Cibola. la qual fué el año de 1560, translated, with other accounts, by G. P. Winship, as The Coronado Expedition to New Mexico and the Great Plains (Bureau of Ethnology, Annual Reports, No. XIV); the French mémoires and early descriptions (§§ 87-91), especially Champlain, Œuvres; Cartier, Narratives; Laudonnière, L'histoire notable de la Floride-in English in Hakluyt's Principall Navigations, III; the Jesuit Relations; Sagard, Histoire du Canada, or his Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons; Lafitau, Mœurs des Sauvages; Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, translated by J. G. Shea; Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Perrot, Mémoire sur les Mœurs ... des Sauvages de l'Amérique ;

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Du Monts, La Louisiane; Margry, Mémoires et Documents, pour servir à l'histoire - distrusted somewhat by scholars; French, Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida (contains many extracts from these authorities, and many other important documents in English); the English explorers and colonists (§§ 95-97, 109), especially Hariot's Narrative, and Captain John Smith, True Relation; Bartram, Travels in the Carolinas; Carver, Travels through North America; Jn. Adair, The History of the American Indians; Thruston, Antiquities of Tennessee; C. C. Jones, Antiquities of the Southern Indians; Heckewelder, Account of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania (originally published in the American Philosophical Society, Transactions, 1819); G. H. Loskiel, Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians. Among the general collections, covering the whole field, may be mentioned De Bry, Grands et petits voyages; Purchas, Pilgrimes; Hakluyt, Principall Navigations. See, also, H. H. Bancroft, Native Races, IV; J. L. Stephen, Incidents of Travel in Central America, and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan; F. Catherwood, Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America; D. Charnay, Cités et Ruines Américaines, translated as The Ancient Cities of the New World; Papers of the Archæological Institute of America; J. W. Powell, Reports of United States Bureau of Ethnology, and Contributions to North American Ethnology; see, also, papers in Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution. The collections in the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, or in other museums, should also be studied.

Bibliography. — Winsor, in Narrative and Critical History, I, Chs. iii and v, and the special works therein cited, especially H. H. Bancroft, Native Races; Winsor, The New England Indians, a bibliographical survey, 1630-1700 (Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings for November, 1895); J. C. Pilling's bibliographies of the Algonquin linguistic stocks in the publications of the Bureau of Ethnology; D. G. Brinton, Aboriginal American Authors, and the footnotes to Bandelier's, essays and books noted elsewhere.

§ 81. Pre-Columbian Discoveries.

Summary. Geographical knowledge of the ancients: theories of Eratosthenes, Strabo, and others. — The idea of the sphericity of the Earth during the Middle Ages. — The geographers of the fifteenth century: Toscanelli, Behaim, etc. Stories of Western lands: Atlantis, St. Brandan's Island, Antillia. - Pre-Columbian explorers: Asiatic peoples, the Fusang story, Welsh and Irish legends. A.D. 1000, The Norse Discovery, Leif the Lucky finds a western land. Later voyages to Vinland. The evidence on which our knowledge of these voyages rests: monuments, records, The story of the Zeni Brothers.

sagas.

Credibility of the sagas.

The French fishermen.

General. Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 148-218; Higginson, Larger History, 27–52; Gay, Bryant's Popular History, I, 35–63; Palfrey, New England, I, 57.

Special. A. M. Reeves, Finding of Wineland the Good; Torfæus, Historiae Vinlandiae; Rafn, Antiquitates Americanae; Kohl, Discovery of Maine, Ch. ii (a summary of Rafn's large work); Slafter, Voyages of the Northmen; W. H. Tillinghast, Geographical Knowledge of the Ancients, in Winsor, America, I, Ch. i;Winsor, "Pre-Columbian Explorations," in his America, I, Ch. ii; Vining, An Inglorious Columbus (gives the different theories as to the Fusang myth); B. F. De Costa, Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by Northmen; P. Gaffarel, Histoire de la Découverte de l'Amérique jusqu'à la Mort de Christophe Colomb, I, Les Précurseurs de Colomb; D. W. Prowse, Newfoundland, Chs. i, iii; Sir Daniel Wilson, The Lost Atlantis.

Sources.

Translations of the Sagas, with phototypic facsimiles, are in Reeves's Wineland. Other translations may be found in the works of Rafn, De Costa, and Slafter, above mentioned. The important portions are printed from Reeves in American History Leaflets, No. 3. See, also, the Saga of Olaf Trygvason, translated by J. Slephton. For the Zeno story, see Major's edition of Nicolò Zeno, Voyages of the Venetian Brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno, in Hakluyt Society, Publications.

Bibliography. — Winsor, in Narrative and Critical History, I, 76–132; and P. B. Watson, Bibliography of Pre-Columbian Discoveries of America, in the third edition of Anderson, America not Discovered by Columbus.