that which was crowned of old by the city bably applied this Roman measure to the of David. The valleys which intersected the Temple courts rather loosely, the exact numcity; that of the Tyropeon which divided ber of feet or yards may not come out on Moriah from Sion, and, for reasons assignable either side; but there is no reason to doubt from history, that which divided Acra from his assertion that the court was square, or the Mount of the Temple, can be traced, nearly so. But by actual admeasurement, more or less distinctly. if not throughout their Dr. Robinson found the area occupied by the whole length, in considerable parts. Some present mosque and the other buildings which fragments of the older works of man, scarcely unquestionably stand on the Hill of the Tem less imperishable than those of nature, part of ple to be upwards of one-third more in length the substructures of the Temple, and, accord- than in breadth. 'We now find the length ing to recent accounts, the spacious excava- to be 1528 feet, while the breadth is only tions beneath it, bear the same undeniable 955 feet, the former exceeding the latter by testimony to the perpetuity of the sacred city. 573 feet, or more than one-half.' This, proDr. Robinson has carefully examined, and ceeds Dr. Robinson, has not improbably been brought to bear upon his investigations, the done by including within the enclosure the whole range of authorities, the scriptures of area of the ancient fortress Antonia. the Old and New Testaments, Josephus, the fathers who had visited the East, the histor- "This fortress, according to Josephus, stood ians of the crusades, down to the interminable on the north side of the area of the temple. It list of modern travellers of every period, and bees under the name of Baris, and then rebuilt was a quadrangle, erected first by the Maccaof every nation. We cannot of course fol- by the first Herod with great strength and low him through his various researches; our splendour. A more particular description object will be rather to indicate the original places it upon a rock or hill at the north-west views to which he has been led by observa- corner of the temple area, fifty cubits high; tion or by study, and to give some account of above which its walls rose to the height of forty the valuable accessions to our topographical cubits. Within it had all the extent and apknowledge of Jerusalem, which we obtain pearance of a palace, being divided into apartfrom his volumes.

ments of every kind, with galleries and baths, and also broad halls or barracks for soldiers, so The earlier antiquities of the holy city may that, as having everything necessary within itbe divided into Jewish and Christian. Three self, it seemed a city, while in its magnificence great buildings at the time of our Saviour, it was a palace. At each of the four corners and down to the destruction of Jerusalem by was a tower; three of these were fifty cubits Titus, formed the proud architectural or de- high, while the fourth, at the south-east corner, fensive ornaments of the city: the palace of whole temple with its courts. was seventy cubits high, and overlooked the The fortress Herod, on the brow of Sion, which looked communicated with the northern and western towards the Temple; the Antonia, the for- porticoes of the temple area, and had flights of tress and stronghold of the Roman garrison stairs descending into both, by which the garriat the north-western corner of the Temple; son could at any time enter the court of the temand above all the Temple itself, with its surple and prevent tumults. The fortress was separated from the hill Bezetha, on the north, by rounding courts and porticoes. a deep artificial trench, lest it should be approachable from that hill; and the depth of the trench added greatly to the elevation of the towers.

Now, in all plans and topographies of Jerusalem we have been embarrassed by what appeared an inexplicable difficulty, the site of the Antonia. Of its exact relative position 'The extent of the fortress, or the area coverto the Temple there could be no doubt; but ed by it, is nowhere specified, except where the where to find space for this large fortress, same writer says that the circumference of the with its barracks and buildings necessary as we are elsewhere told that the temple area temple, including Antonia, was six stadia. Now for the accommodation of a strong garrison, by itself was a square of one stadium on each between the Temple Mount and what ap- side, it follows that the length of each side of peared to be the borders of the Bezetha the fortress must also have been one stadium, quarter of the city, appeared to us most un- and its area equal to that of the temple. And satisfactorily accounted for by the mass of although this again is probably a mere estimate writers on the subject. Dr. Robinson has on the part of the writer, yet the conclusion would seem to be a fair one, that the area coverbeen led to a solution of this problem by a ed by Antonia was probably much greater than process of argument and investigation totally has usually been supposed.'-vol. i., pp. 431, 432. different from our own. According to the description of Josephus, confirmed by the Dr. Robinson further supposes, that the Talmud, the area of the Temple, which oc- deep reservoir or excavation which passes cupied Mount Moriah, was an exact square of under the name of the pool of Bethesda, a stadium on each side. As Josephus pro-measuring 360 feet in length, and 130 in

breadth,* is part of the great artificial trench in the Hebrew tongue. It was along this which separated the fortress from Bezetha. portico, or at least through the gate of enThis theory unquestionably solves many dif- trance at the end of it, that we must suppose ficulties; but it depends entirely on the rela- the centurion to have cut his way. tive position of the Antonia to the Temple, The Romans were thus in possession of the space between the two buildings, and, to the Antonia; the Jews of the Temple. a certain extent, on their common level. Dr. Titus then gave orders to level part of the Robinson has not examined the passage of Antonia, to fill up the intervening space, in Josephus, which is the great authority on this order that the engines might be brought to point, so closely as appears to us necessary. bear upon the Temple. On this mass of rubIt describes a transaction in which the Jew-bish, over which the whole army might apish historian was himself present, and bore proach, they raised their mounds to batter a conspicuous part. However loose then and the wall. During the seven days which inaccurate Josephus may often be, writing were devoted to this operation, a night attack from memory, and, we doubt not, for effect, he took place by a select body of troops, as the can scarcely have misrepresented, to any whole army could not yet be brought up. It great extent, the striking and memorable cir- was witnessed by Titus, who took his place cumstances of this period of the siege. on one of the towers of the Antonia still left Titus had found himself master of the Anto- standing. The attack was repelled with nia by a sudden nightly surprise; the Jewish great loss on both sides. We come now to garrison of the fortress fled to the Temple; a passage which may throw some light on the Romans hoped to carry the Temple like- the distance between the two buildings: wise by the same attack. Simon and John,The Jews, distressed by these attacks, the however, the Jewish leaders, combining war thus growing to a head and creeping their forces, a terrific conflict took place: so onward to the Temple, cut off, as it were, crowded up and confused was the battle, that the extremities of their wasting body, to prespears and javelins were useless; they fought vent the progress of the disease. They set hand to hand with the sword; neither party could retreat for those pressing on behind, and the combatants scrambled over the dead bodies to get at each other. The Romans were at length beaten back, and were obliged to content themselves with the conquest of the Antonia. A Bithynian centurion, however, sprung from the side of Titus, who was watching the battle, probably from a tower in the Antonia, and made so fierce an onset, that the Jews gave way before him, and he actually cut his passage into the outer court of the Temple, to the corner of the inner court-there, his sandals having iron nails in their soles, he slipped on the pavement, 06Sowtov, and was killed. This feat of the centurion would lead us to suppose that there was no considerable space between the Antonia and the outer court of the Temple; that the ground or the passage between was tolerably level; at all events, that there was no wall over which the centurion had to mount to reach the court. Now there was certainly a connecting portico or cloister leading from the north-western corner of the Temple-court to the Antonia. It was along this passage that St. Paul, when attacked by the Jews in the court of the Temple, was carried by the Roman soldiers, and from the flight of steps which ascended into the Antonia he made his address to the multitudef

* Pococke had already observed that this pool bore a great resemblance to a fosse or trench.

It is not impossible that from the same spot

fire to the part of the northern and western portico which joined on to the Antonia, and made a breach of about twenty cubits (thirty feet or more), thus beginning to burn the Holy Places with their own hands.' This expression would certainly lead us to suppose that the portico of the outer court of the Temple itself joined on (was to ouvezès) with the Antonia. It was probably, however, a portico branching off from that corner of the square, though it was evidently considered part of the Temple, and partaking of its sanctity. Two days after, the Romans set fire to another portion of the cloister, and burned about fifteen cubits more; the Jews looked on, and rather assisted than prevented the conflagration, in order entirely to cut off that which connected them with the Antonia, τὸ πρὸς τὴν ̓Αντώνιαν συναφές αὑτῶν διαιροῦντες. If we may conclude that these two fires consumed the whole, or nearly the whole, of this portico, we have its length something more than thirty-five cubits. Probably the buildings approached much nearer to each other at this corner than those further to the east, and the conflicts between the two garrisons of the Antonia and the Temple chiefly took place where the space became wider; and if we suppose this portico to have been raised Josephus addressed the Jewish insurgents in the Hebrew tongue-E3pai-at all events, there was some place within the Roman lines from which he could be heard (¿r tanxóy sùs) by the Jews within the Temple.

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something of a natural or artificial ridge, commencement or foot of an immense arch, we may understand how the walls on which once sprung out from this western wall which the porticoes of the outer Temple- in a direction towards Mount Zion, across the court stood might present a formidable bar- valley of the Tyropoon. This arch could only have belonged to THE BRIDGE, which according rier to the assailing army, and could not be to Josephus led from this part of the Temple to carried till the space was filled in, and the Xystus on Zion; and it proves incontestably mounds raised to batter the upper part of the the antiquity of that portion of the wall from wall and the surrounding porticoes. In con- which it springs. clusion, we cannot see any reasonable ground of objection, either from the extent of intervening space, or difference of level, to the supposition of Dr. Robinson, that the present area comprehends the site of the Antonia as well as that of the Temple.

The traces of this arch are too distinct and definite to be mistaken. Its southern side is 39 English feet distant from the S. W. corner of the the wall. Three courses of its stones still remain; area, and the arch itself measures 51 feet along of which one is 5 feet 4 inches thick, and the others not much less. One of the stones is 20 feet long; another 244 feet; and the rest in like proportion. The part of the curve or arc which remains is of course but a fragment; but of this the sine 11 feet 10 inches; and the cosine 3 feet fragment the chord measures 12 feet 6 inches; 10 inches. The distance from this point across the valley to the precipitous natural rock of Zion we measured as exactly as the intervening field of prickly pear would permit, and found it to be 350 feet, or about 116 yards. This gives the proximate length of the ancient bridge. sought carefully along the brow of Zion for traces of its western termination, but without success. That quarter is now covered with mean hou and filth; and an examination can be carried on only in the midst of disgusting sights and smells.'-vol. i., pp. 424-426.

We

Dr. Robinson has made another discovery at the south-western corner of the Temple Mount. Though there can be no doubt that according to our Lord's prediction, not one stone was left upon another of the Temple itself and its surrounding cloisters-though the whole summit of the hill, if not literally ploughed over, was levelled to the ground; still even the pride of Roman hostility or the insolence of triumph would not waste unnecessary labour upon the enormous substructures which walled the hill more or less on every side, and enabled it to bear the weight of the sacred edifices. Some parts of these substructures, we see no reason to doubt, from the vast size of the stones, and the manner in which they are set together, unThis locality is of great importance, espelike either Greek or Roman or later archi- cially as illustrative of Josephus in his actecture, may belong to the age of Solomon. counts of the siege of the Temple by PomAmong these, there are manifest remains of pey, and the final desperate defence of the a most important edifice, the bridge, which, Upper City by Simon the son of Gioras, crossing the Tyropœon, connected the Tem- against the victorious legions of Titus. Dr. ple with Mount Sion, with the Xystus, or Robinson did not himself visit those most exopen place for exercise, the Boule, or Coun-traordinary antiquities which are to be found cil-House, and the great Palace of Herod :

at present in the Holy City, the subterranean crypts or vaults, which extended, no one 'I have already related in the preceding sec- knows how far, under the hill of the Temple; tion, that during our first visit to the S. W. cor- there can be no doubt that these are the ner of the area of the mosk, we observed several cavati sub terrâ montes of Tacitus, and that of the large stones jutting out from the western they contained the tanks and reservoirs wall, which at first sight seemed to be the effect which supplied Jerusalem, at least the deof a bursting of the wall from some mighty shock or earthquake. We paid little regard to fenders of the Temple, with water during the this at the moment, our attention being engrossed whole siege, which took place during the by other objects; but on mentioning the fact months when rain seldom falls in Judæa. not long after in a circle of our friends, we found They no doubt contained the vast treasures that they also had noticed it; and the remark of the Temple which were plundered by was incidentally dropped, that the stones had Crassus, and the provisions of every kind the appearance of having once belonged to a large arch. At this remark a train of thought which supplied the priests, perhaps part of flashed upon my mind, which I hardly dared to the city, during peace and war. follow out, until I had again repaired to the these vaults (Dr. Robinson does not notice spot, in order to satisfy myself with my own this circumstance) that a large number of the eyes, as to the truth or falsehood of the sugges- partisans of Eleazer fled, when the Temple tion. I found it even so! The courses of these was perfidiously seized by John of Gischala, immense stones, which seemed at first to have and were allowed to withdraw on capitulasprung out from their places in the wall in con- tion. It was from these, that after the siege sequence of some enormous violence, occupy nevertheless their original position; their ex- the great leader Simon, the son of Gioras, ternal surface is hewn to a regular curve; and suddenly arose, clad in purple and white, to being fitted one upon another, they form the the astonishment of the Roman soldiery.

It was to

But we do not remember that any earlier or later writer has noticed one singular circumstance connected with this descent and reappearance of Simon,which is thus described by Mr. Milman :-

bevelled stones, and extending from the southern wall northwards to an unknown extent. The intervals between the rows are usually, though not entirely, regular; and the pillars of some of the ranges are of a somewhat larger size. In each row the pillars are connected together by semicircular arches; and then the vault, resting upon every two rows, is formed by a lower arch, consisting of a smaller segment of a circle. The circumstance mentioned by Richardson, that the pillars have a much older appearance than the arches which they support, was not noticed by the three artists. From the entrance at the S. E. corner of the Haram for about 120 feet

Many days after, towards the end of October, when Titus had left the city, as some of the Roman soldiers were reposing amid the ruins of the Temple, they were surprised by the sudden apparition of a man in white raiment and with a robe of purple, who seemed to rise from the earth in silent and imposing dignity. At first they stood awe-struck and motionless; at length westward, these ranges of vaults extend norththey ventured to approach him; they encircled him, and demanded his name. He answered "Simon, the son of Gioras; call hither your general." Terentius Rufus was speedily summoned, and to him the brave though cruel defender of Jerusalem surrendered himself. On the loss of the city, Simon had leaped down into one of the vaults, with a party of miners, hewers of stone, and iron-workers. For some distance they had followed the natural windings of the cavern, and then attempted to dig their way out beyond the walls; but their provisions, however carefully husbanded, failed, and Simon determined on the bold measure of attempting to overawe the Romans by his sudden and spectral appearance.'-Hist. of the Jews, vol. iii., p. 67,

2d edit.

Now the subterranean passage into which Simon withdrew must have been in the Upper City, as the Temple and the whole of the hill of Moriah had for some time been in the possession of the Romans. Simon, therefore, must have made his way under the Tyropæon, and under or through the foundation walls of the Temple, into those crypts which probably extend under a great part of Mount Moriah. There is no calculating, therefore, what subterranean discoveries may be hereafter made. The crypts, as they are now known actually to exist, have been hastily visited by some few travellers, and mentioned in terms of vague wonder and curiosity by Christian and Mahometan writers, and rumours have always prevailed of their vast extent. Dr. Robinson inserts the report of Mr. Catherwood descriptive of the part which he visited, accompanied with a groundplan. Mr. Catherwood is the same accomplished English architect and draughtsman, whom we meet again as the companion of Mr. Stephens among the ancient cities of Central America :

From information and plans kindly communicated to me by Mr. Catherwood, who with his companions examined and measured these subterranean structures without hindrance in 1833, it appears that these vaults, so far as they are now accessible to strangers, were originally formed by some fifteen rows of square pillars, measuring about five feet on a side, built of large

wards nearly 200 feet, where they are shut up feet further west the vaults are closed up in like by a wall of more modern date. For about 150 manner at less than 100 feet from the southern wall; and to judge from the wells and openings above ground, it would seem as if they had been thus walled up in order that the northern portion of them might be converted into cisterns. Beyond this part, towards the west, they again extend still further north. They are here terminated on the west, before reaching el-Aksa,* by a like wall filling up the intervals of one of the rows of pillars. How much further they originally extended westward is unknown, not improbably quite to the western wall of the enclosure, where are now said to be immense

cisterns.

The ground in these vaults rises rapidly towards the north, the southernmost columns with the double arches being about thirty-five feet in height, while those in the northern parts are little more than ten feet high. The surface of the ground is everywhere covered with small heaps of stones, the memorials of innumerable pilgrims who have here paid their devotions. It is a singular circumstance that the roots of the large olive-trees growing upon the area of the Haram above have in many places forced their way down through the arches, and still descending have again taken root in the soil at the bottom of the vaults.'-vol. i., pp. 448-50.

So far as to some of the remarable Jewish antiquities illustrated by these 'Researches'

their result, as to the Christian antiquities, is not, we regret to say, so favourable, for though we ourselves have long been persuaded that the legends concerning the Holy Places are for every reason, geographical as well as historical, utterly untenable, we were prepared to surrender our enforced, but neither cherished nor pleasing convictions at the slightest show of authority, and would gladly have been relieved from the unpleasant burden of our disbelief. Dr. Robinson appears to have been impressed with the same

feelings, and to have entered Jerusalem with | mile, the measured distance from the Temple an earnest desire, at any small sacrifice of probability, to believe that in the church of the Holy Sepulchre we might kneel on the actual spot in which the Son of Man reposed and rose again. The monkish tradition, we fear there is no better authority, has not been content with fixing the scene of the Lord's sepulchre, but has conveniently arranged around it, at very little distance, all the other places sanctified by the sad incidents of his last hours.

The place of our Lord's crucifixion, as we are expressly informed, was without the gate of the ancient city, and yet nigh to the city. The sepulchre, we are likewise told, was nigh at hand, in a garden, in the place where Jesus was crucified. It is not therefore without some feeling of wonder that a stranger, unacquainted with the circumstances, on arriving in Jerusalem at the present day, is pointed to the place of crucifixion and the sepulchre in the midst of the modern city, and both beneath one roof. This latter fact, however unexpected, might occasion less surprise, for the sepulchre was nigh to Calvary. But beneath the same roof are further shown the stone on which the body of our Lord was anointed for burial, the fissure in the rock, the holes in which the crosses stood, the spot where the true cross was found by Helena, and various other places said to have been connected with the history of the crucifixion, most of which it must have been difficult to identify even after the lapse of only three centuries, and particularly so at the present day, after the desolations and numerous changes which the whole place has undergone.'-vol. ii., pp. 64, 65.

Mount to the Church-less, as Dr. Robinson observes, than some of the squares in London and New York; and this is in a quarter of the city which we have every reason to believe was very populous. And at this precise spot the walls must be drawn in an extraordinary curve, in no way required, or indeed permitted by the conformation of the land; and we must admit no suburbs beyond-although, doubtless, at this flourishing period of the city, its suburbs must have extended, where not prevented by the precipiwalls. Against such inexplicable difficulties tous ravines, to some distance from the actual the historical evidence must be clear and decisive; the tradition early, consistent, unbroken, and probable. Dr. Robinson has done M. Châteaubriand the honour of selecting him as the champion of the traditionary opinion. In general we should think a cause not very fairly treated which should be judged on the statement of a writer for effect, one especially whose inaccuracies are perhaps unrivalled in his own class. In this case, however, though Châteaubriand has incorporated some of the greatest improbabilities in his statement, we do not think that he has overlooked any circumstance which might strengthen his argument.

'Châteaubriand has furnished us with the clearest and most plausible statement of the historic testimonies and probabilities, which may be supposed to have had an influence in determining the spot; and from him later writers The glaring objection as to the locality of have drawn their chief arguments. I give an the present church of the Holy Sepulchre, church, he says, at Jerusalem, was gathered epitome of his remarks. The first Christian and the difficulty of so drawing the line of immediately after the resurrection and ascension the ancient walls as to exclude this site from of our Lord, and soon became very numerous. the city, has not for the first time in this All its members must have had a knowledge critical, as it is so often anathematized, this of the sacred places. They doubtless also consceptical and rationalizing age, awakened secrated buildings for their worship, and would suspicion and mistrust. Even the most de-naturally erect them on sites rendered memoravout were occasionally disturbed, and among Sepulchre itself was already honoured in this ble by miracles. Not improbably the Holy the early pilgrims, at least the earliest manner. writers, are heard murmurs of doubt and cession of Jewish Christian bishops, from the At any rate there was a regular sucuncertainty. These murmurs deepen as we Apostle James down to the time of Adrian, who approach more modern times; and they are could not but have preserved the Christian trastrongest among those who have actually the church withdrew to Pella, yet they soon ditions; and although during the siege by Titus visited the spot. The doubts, in fact, have rather forced themselves on believers than ruins. In the course of a few months' absence returned and established themselves among the grown slowly up out of a sceptical turn of they could not have forgotten the position of mind. In modern times this point has been their sanctuaries, which, moreover, being genmore strongly questioned by Roman Catholic erally without the walls, had probably not suf than by Protestant writers. One argument fered greatly from the siege. And that the saappears to us absolutely insuperable. To cred places were generally known in the age of exclude the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in rebuilding Jerusalem that emperor set up a Adrian, is proved incontestably by the fact that the ancient city, that is, the part between the western wall and the hill of the Temple, ter over the Holy Sepulchre. Thus the folly of statue of Venus upon Calvary, and one of Jupimust be narrowed to less than a quarter of a idolatry, by its imprudent profanation, only

VOL. LXIX.

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