elect, yet he by no means wished it to be too successful. He was anxious that the power of Charles should be somewhat checked, and above all that he should be able to get out of his hands without further humiliation. But at the same time it was needful for him to have Spanish help in Tuscany. The Florentines were by no means contented with the rule of the Pope, who governed the city by the Cardinal di Cortona, during the minority of Alessandro and Ippolito. They had been almost ruined by his large demands for money; they had lost their freedom under his rule, and now they saw his failure with delight. After the unsuccessful rising which was quelled by the coming of the Duke of Urbino, this discontent began to increase rapidly. The Pope's party in the city were called Palleschi, from the Medicean palle, while the popular party were called Piagnoni or Frateschi, because they followed the same line of politics as Girolamo Savonarola used to uphold, and were on the French side. When the news of the taking of Rome reached Florence, the people were greatly rejoiced, and the prophecies of Girolamo were in every one's mouth. Then Niccolo Capponi, Filippo Strozzi, and other leading citizens, told the young Medici that they must go. Filippo had married Clarice, daughter of Lorenzo de Medici; but he had a quarrel with the Cardinal di Cortona, and she hated the young Medici, because they and the Pope were not of the right Medicean line. Filippo rather wavered when he had to send off the young lords, and he called Clarice, who had come to see them go off, and begged her to send away the people, who had gathered before the palace. But Clarice abused the young Medici heartily, and bade them begone. So the Medici left Florence for the second time on May 17, 1527. Then Niccolo Capponi was chosen Gonfaloniere, and the Great Council was assembled. The first act of the Florentines, when they had regained their liberty, was to enter into an alliance with

France against Charles. Thus they were looked on with anger by the Emperor elect as well as by the Pope. The failure of the French, and the expense and loss which the Florentines met with in the war, made them suspicious and discontented. The Gonfaloniere lost much of the public favour which he had gained by being foremost in driving out the Medici, for he was suspected of favouring some of the greatest of them. He knew that the Medici would certainly come back some day, now that the Spaniards had the upper hand, and he was inclined to make friends with them so as to secure himself when the day came. This made the Republican party distrust him. The members of this party were nicknamed Popolani, for the old popolani grossi had for the most part become nobles. They were led by Tommaso Soderini, Baldassare Carducci, and Alfonso Strozzi. In order to defeat this power in the state, the Gonfaloniere allied himself with a far more extreme party, and made friends with the Frateschi. This gained him his election as Gonfaloniere for another year. He began to imitate Fra Girolamo, and made a wild sort of speech in the Great Council. Florence was wasted by a pestilence; and the Gonfaloniere, at the end of his speech, fell on his knees, crying out, "Mercy, O God," and he caused the Saviour to be elected King of Florence, which was just the way in which Fra Girolamo used to act. Still, though he was re-elected, he was much mistrusted because he tried to appease the Pope. The danger of Florence had become very great, but, in spite of the French defeat, the Florentines could not believe that France would desert them.

CHAPTER IX.

ITALY ENSLAVED.

Francis sacrifices his Italian allies by the Peace of Cambray (1)—the coronation of Charles the Fifth (2)—the siege of Florence (3)—its fall (4)-and the return of the Medici: their dynasty (5)—the reign of Pope Paul the Third; his family in Piacenza and Parma; the conspiracy of the Fieschi at Genoa (6)—war between France and Spain (7)—the fall of Siena (8)-Pope Paul the Fourth and King Philip the Second; the Peace of Câteau Cambresis (9)-religious movements in Italy; contrary attempts at reformation; the Council of Trent (10)—the Jesuits; the Waldenses; the Inquisition (11)—wars with the Infidels (12)—Savoy: its Counts (13)—its Dukes; it becomes an Italian State (14).

1. The Peace of Cambray.--Pope Clement was fully determined to make himself master of Florence again, and to cripple the power of the Venetians and the Duke of Ferrara. The French had failed in their struggle against Spain, and the Pope was forced to turn for help to those who were so lately his enemies. In June 1529, he made an open alliance with Charles at Barcelona. By this treaty he promised him the Imperial crown, and the investiture of the kingdom of Naples. Charles, on his part, promised that he would make the Venetians and the Duke of Ferrara give up some territory to the Pope; that he would bring Florence under the power of the Medici again, and would marry his daughter Margaret to Alessandro de' Medici, who was now the only lay representative of the family of the Pope, and who was therefore to be his vicegerent in the city. The danger of the Florentines was increased in August by a treaty made

between Charles and Francis, called the Peace of Cambray. By this treaty the King of France, in order to gain favourable terms for himself, sacrificed his Italian allies Florence and Venice, the Dukes of Milan and Ferrara, and the Angevin party which still existed in the kingdom of Naples. The Duke of Milan, who was childless and in bad health, made his peace with Charles by a heavy payment, and on his death the Emperor succeeded to his Duchy as a lapsed fief. The Duke of Ferrara submitted his rights to Charles, and met with milder treatment than his enemy the Pope had hoped for. Venice restored Ravenna and Cervia to the Pope, and gave up to Charles the conquests in Apulia which she had made in King Ferdinand's time. By these and some further concessions she purchased peace. Genoa had already been persuaded to submit to Charles, and the Republics of Lucca and Siena, which had sunk to the position of petty states, were not displeased to be dependent on the Emperor, for they had always been Ghibelin. The Marquess of Montferrat and the Duke of Savoy, who had been nominally neutral during the war, but had on the whole favoured the French, were forced to join the party of Charles, and the Marquess of Mantua was rewarded for his services by the title of Duke.

2. Coronation of Charles the Fifth.-In 1530 Charles was crowned King of Italy and Emperor by Pope Clement. He received both the crowns at once, and the ceremony took place at Bologna instead of at Milan and Rome. But, though this coronation thus lacked somewhat of formal validity, it was no empty pageant. Charles the Fifth reigned over a larger portion of the world than his predecessor Charles the Great. He was King of Italy in a truer sense than any Emperor since the Barbarian Invasions of the fifth century; for all through the land, from the Alps to the Faro, and to the furthest end of Sicily, there was no one who could withstand his will. But this coronation did not bring

Italy into connexion with the Empire. For, after the Emperor's abdication, his Italian dominions remained attached to the crown of Spain, while the Empire passed to his brother Ferdinand, who succeeded him in Germany. No one after Charles the Fifth was crowned Emperor, but each of his successors after his German coronation took the title of Emperor-elect, but the latter part of the title was usually dropped. Charles reigned over Italy less as Emperor than as King of Spain, and his coronation marks the end of the long struggle between France and Spain for the possession of that kingdom. It ended in the humiliation of France, and the disgrace of her King—who betrayed his allies-in the exaltation of Spain, and in the slavery of Italy.

3. The Siege of Florence.-Florence alone was shut out from the general peace-making. Nothing short of her slavery would satisfy either Pope or Emperor. As long as Niccolo Capponi was in office, the Pope could not take any active part against the city, for the Gonfaloniere was upheld by the Palleschi. But, in 1529, Niccolo was accused of treason and was deposed, and Francesco Carducci was chosen Gonfaloniere in his stead. Francesco belonged to the Popolani, who were strongly opposed to any correspondence with the Medici. When Charles came into Italy for his coronation, envoys from the Florentines met him and entreated his protection, but he would not have anything to say to them. Niccolo, who was one of the number, was so overcome by grief and anger that he died of a fever, crying, "Alas! alas! to what have we brought our wretched country!" The Florentines now saw that they must make their choice, and either submit wholly to the Medici, or else stand upon their defence. They chose to struggle for their freedom as long as they had strength, but the news of the cruel treachery of the French King in deserting them by the Treaty of Cambray made them almost despair. Pope Clement, with